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ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major divisions of the ANS?

A

1- sympathetic- fight or flight
thoracic cord

2- parasympathetic - rest and digest
cranial sacral

3- enteric- digestion and motility
gut

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2
Q

ANS is primarily an:

A

efferent effector system

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3
Q

ANS is controlled by the __ and __

A

hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus in BS

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4
Q

vagus nerve innervates everything except

A

lower GI and bladder

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5
Q

characteristics of the sympathetic NS?

A

preganglionic fibers originate from T1-L1 from Beta cells located within the lateral horn (intermediolateralis-lamina 7)

preganglionic fibers diverge onto postganglionic neurons

preganglionic fibers project in 1 of 4 ways

ratio of preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers = 1:10

GVA fibers comprises less than 20% of the total visceral fibers
–GVA are more noxious in function

preganglionic fibers release ACh while postganglionic fibers release NE

preganglionic fibers are short while postganglionic fibers are long

sympathetic chain ganglion lies outside the vertebral column (fiber splits from spinal nerve to enter ganglion through white ramus communicans)

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6
Q

what are the 4 ways preganglionic fibers can project?

A

1- directly to chain (paravertebral ganglion) and synapse on post ganglionic neurons (C unmyelinated fibers innervates periphery- smooth muscle, erector pillar, BVs)

2- enter chain and ascend to another level before synapsing onto postganglionic neurons (T1-5 ascend to supply the head; superior cervical, middle cervical & cervicothoracic ganglia)

3-enter chain and descend to another level before synapsing onto postganglionic neurons

4- go through paravertebral chain (no synapse) and join splanchnic nerves to synapse on prevertebral ganglia

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7
Q

what are the 4 ways preganglionic fibers can project?

A

myelinated preganglionic fibers leave the SC with the motor fibers of ventral roots T1-L2. the axons then separate from the spinal nerves to form the white rami communicantes which enter the chain ganglion of the sympathetic trunks. the trunks consist of paired, ganglionated chains of nerve fibers that extend along either side of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the coccyx

1- some of the fibers of the white rami synapse with postganglionic neurons in the chain ganglion (paravertebral ganglion) nearest their point of entrance

2&3- other preganglionic fibers pass UP OR DOWN the chain to end in paravertebral ganglia at higher or lower levels than the point of entrance

4- preganglionic fibers pass through the paravertebral ganglion into the splanchnic nerves and terminate in the prevertebral ganglia of the abdomen and pelvis

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8
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate from:

A

T1-L1 from Beta cells located within the lateral horn (intermediolateralis -lamina VII)

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9
Q

what is the ratio of sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers?

A

1:10

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10
Q

sympathetic GVA fibers comprise less than ____ of the total visceral fibers?

A

less than 20%

GVA are more noxious in function

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11
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibers release ____, postganglionic fibers release ____

A

pre= ACh

post= NE

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12
Q

sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ____ while postganglionic fibers are _____

A

pre= short (in the viscera)

post= long

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13
Q

the parasympathetic NS is located in:

A

BS and sacral spinal cord

CNs 3 (eye),7 (glands), 9(throat), 10 (VAGUS)
SNs S2-S4
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14
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are located in:

A

the structure that they innervate

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15
Q

PSNS preganglionic fibers are ___ while their postganglionic fibers are ____

A

pre=long

post=short

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16
Q

PSNS GVA fibers are:

A

more abundant and are more innocuous in function

more sensory involved- pressure and touch
primarily an efferent system

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17
Q

PSNS preganglionic fibers release ___ and postganglionic fibers release ____?

A

both release ACh as a transmitter

18
Q

what is the ratio of PSNS preganglionic fibers vs postganglionic fibers?

A

1:3

most post

19
Q

what is the PSNS also called?

A

cranial sacral NS

lower GI, bladder, sexual function all innervated at S2-4

control centers in the medulla

20
Q

pre ganglionic fibers are:

A

B fibers

21
Q

post ganglionic fibers are:

A

C fibers

22
Q

what does the enteric NS innervate?

A

the GI tract, pancreas and gall bladder

can function autonomously

23
Q

enteric NS plexuses are complex meshworks of ganglia and interconnecting nerve fibers located:

A

between the various layers of ms and endothelium

24
Q

what are the 2 plexus from the enteric NS?

A

1- myenteric plexus

2-submucosal plexus

25
Q

the myenteric plexus lies:

A

between the external longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers

26
Q

the submucosal plexus lies:

A

within the CT of the submucosa between the circular muscles and the mucosa

27
Q

the enteric NS is regulated by:

A

the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS (an overriding system) (self regulating)

PNS makes it go faster
SNS makes it go slower

28
Q

player before championship game collapses; no pulse; BP 60/45; breathing imperceptible; dilated pupils; pale face. unconscious for 15 seconds then returns to normal. reports feeling fine but weak.
what happened?

A

syncope

vasodepressor syncope or neurogenic shock

29
Q

what is syncope?

A

fainting

brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate BF to the brain

30
Q

what is vasodepressor syncope?

A

aka Neurogenic block

syncope caused by powerful emotions

strong emotions causes facilitation of SNS
vasodilation to muscles-increase blood to muscle, not enough to brain- causes a fall in BP

31
Q

what is micturation?

A

urination

32
Q

the micturation center is in the:

A

pons
part of reticular formation

PAG (periaqueductal grey) talks to pons

33
Q

how the bladder works:

A

3 innervations to bladder

slide 12 and pg 37

34
Q

3 bladder pathologies

A

1- reflexive: uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder

2- automatic bladder

3- non reflexive bladder

35
Q

what the major symptoms of uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder?

A

voluntary control of filling and emptying bladder is completely lost

bladder fills and empties completely by reflex at pontine levels

therefore, normal emptying and filling, just no sensation (won’t be able to inhibit it if you have to pee bad)

36
Q

what is the cause and location of uninhibited reflex neurogenic bladder?

A

UMN type

loss of all conscious perception of bladder filling or emptying

location: bilateral front lobe lesion (above the pons- lose the cerebrum- pons takes over)

keep diet the same and stay on a voiding schedule

37
Q

what are the major symptoms of automatic bladder

A

bladder is incontinent- miturition control is lost

bladder empties incompletely- bc the spinal reflex pathways that trigger the pontine micturition center are gone

increased risk of bladder infection bc bladder retains urine

38
Q

what is the cause and location of automatic bladder?

A

bilateral SC lesion about sacral levels

loss of pons control

39
Q

what are the major symptoms of non-reflexive bladder?

A

bladder wall is flaccid and its capacity is greatly increased

bladder fills to capacity and overflows; continual dribbling is the result

prone to infection

pt doesn’t perceive bladder distention

keeps filling until it can’t stretch anymore- then urine dribbles out- VERY prone to infection
cathetorization needed

40
Q

what is the cause and location of non-reflexive bladder?

A

LMN syndrome

sacral reflex arc are involved

location: bilateral lesion to sacral cord or pelvic nerves

Neuro (48 decks)

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