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Neuro > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functional component of the hearing system?

A

SSA

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2
Q

what is frequency?

A

the pitch of a sound

higher freq= consonants and tremble
lower freq= vowels and bass

need more or

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3
Q

what is normal frequency?

A

20-20,00 Hz

most effective at 2-4 kHz

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4
Q

what is normal voice range?

A

500 Hz to 2 kHz

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5
Q

what is loudness?

A

a function of amplitude= volume

expressed as dB
human= 1-120 dB

>100 = damage
>120= you can't hear

need more or less amplitude based on the volume

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6
Q

what are the anatomical structures of the external ear?

A

pinna (auricle) acts as a funnel, channeling the airbo

auditory canal= 2.5 cm

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7
Q

what are the functions of the middle ear?

A

converts sound waves in air into waves in a fluid

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8
Q

what are the anatomical structures of the middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane- conical in shape- point extends into the cavity

ossicles- sound amplification

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9
Q

what constitutes the ossicles?

A

malleus- hammer- connects rigid with..

incus- anvil- connects flexible with..

stapes- stirrup- flat bottom (footplate) moves in and out like a piston

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10
Q

what are the 2 ways bones amplify air waves?

A

1- force
2- surface area

tympanic membrane is much larger than the membrane of the oval window

the lever system of the ossicles increases the mechanical advantage

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11
Q

what are the 2 muscles associated with the middle ear?

A

tensor tympani- inserts into malleus

stapedius

the 2 contract to decrease the sound (modulation) (dampen piston action when contracted)- helps prevent ear damage from loud sounds
increase/decrease amplitude

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12
Q

what is the function of the tensor tympani?

what is it innervated by?

A

functions: decrease the amount of movement of the ear drum

innervated by CN 5

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13
Q

what is the function of the stapedius?

what is it innervated by?

A

functions: restricts the movement of the footplate of the stapes against the oval window

innervated by CN 7

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14
Q

what is the anatomy of the cochlea?

A

spiral shaped canal- makes 2.5 turns and 32 mm long, 2 mm diameter

cochlear partition divides the bony labyrinth into:

  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
  • the partition contains the cochlear duct (scala media)

the cochlear partition has 2 membranes:
-vestibular membrane (reissners membrane)
-basilar membrane
These 2 membranes separate the endolympth filled cochlear duct from the perilymph filled scala vestibuli and tympani

helicotrema= apex of the duct (end)

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15
Q

what is the anatomy of the basilar membrane?

A

wider at the apex by a factor of 5

membrane tension is > at the base & decreases to apex (base 100x stiffer)

  • High freq= stiffer, base will vibrate dissipating most of energy and the wave will not propagate far
  • Low freq= generate waves that travel all the way to the apex before energy dissipates

sound waves cause movements of the cochlear portion including the basilar membrane. these movements of the basilar membrane stimulate hair cells of the organ of Corti

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16
Q

what is the organ of corti?

A

runs longitudinally along the entire length of the basilar membrane

acts as a transducer

hair cells are sandwiched between the basilar membrane and a thin sheet of tissue called the Reticular Lamina (hold onto hair cells)

hairs go through and extend into gel substance of the tectorial membrane

wave moves basilar membrane- the entire foundation holding hair cells moves and therefore cells and membrane move as a unit, pivoting up to the tectorial membrane or away from it

bending hair cells= increase K = depolarization

17
Q

what are the 2 types of hair cells?

A

inner- hear

outer- can alter their length

  • 3 outer to 1 inner
  • <5% of spiral ganglion cells communicate with them
  • ROLE IN MODULATING ORGAN OF CORGI- selection of attention
18
Q

how does the size of the basilar membrane differ from its base to the apex?

A

wider and floppy at the apex- low frequencies

narrow and stiff at the base- high frequencies

19
Q

what is the tonotypical arrangement of the cochlear nuclei?

A

high frequency- dorsal
low frequency- ventral

> 4 parallel ascending pathways

20
Q

what is inter aural time delay?

A

the time the sound reaches each ear

figured by the peak in the waves used
good for low frequency sound
high frequency- 1 cycle of sound is smaller than distance between ears, therefore doesn’t work well

if sound is in front or back of your- no delay
90 degrees sound- the sound wave will hit one ear faster than the other - helps determine direction of sound

21
Q

what is interaural intensity differences?

A

head casts a shadow from the high frequency

low frequency diffracts sound around the head, thus no shadow

sound from side, hits ear directly. head causes shadow so other ear hears it a little less (blocks sound, doesn’t go around) high freq only

no way for a vertical sound

22
Q

how does the pinna shape affect sound?

A

bumps and ridges of the outer ear produce reflections of entering sounds

the delays between direct and indirect paths cause sound delays

hit at different intensities

23
Q

auditory reflexes:

A

olivocochlear efferents:

  • selective tuning
  • focusing
  • ?protection

somatic motor:

  • load sounds- contraction of ear ms
  • startle responses- tectospinal tracts
24
Q

what is conduction deafness?

A

results from any interference with the passage of sound waves through the external or middle ears

never complete or total

25
Q

what is nerve deafness?

A

results from damage to the receptor cells of the spiral organ or to the cochlear nerve

common to both air and bone conduction

hearing loss therefore occurs in both routes

hearing loss related to the amount of damage

26
Q

what is the weber’s test?

A

256 (512) Hz tuning fork
place on midline of head & ask what patient hears

normal = hears equally in both ears

Conduction deafness = sound seems louder (localizes) in decreased hearing ear

Nerve Deafness = sound seems louder in unaffected ear (localizes) (ear more sensitive)

27
Q

what is Rinne’s test?

A

compares hearing via air and bone conduction

256 Hz tuning fork

Place tuning fork on mastoid process

then place it near ear and hold until it can’t be heard

Normal = sound is heard louder and longer by air conduction

Neuro (48 decks)

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