Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

brs (phase 1b) > (neuro) cortical organisation & function > Flashcards

(neuro) cortical organisation & function Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

layer that is a couple millimetres thick that covers the entire surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the structural features of the cerebral cortex

A

contains grey matter (cerebral cortex AND deep grey matter nuclei)

made up of gyri and sulci (highly folded)

lobed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are fissures?

A

large sulci that separate the cerebrum into lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

differentiate between fissures and sulci

A

sulci are depression in the cerebral cortex

fissures are larger and deeper depressions that separate the cerebrum into lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is the cerebral cortex microscopically organised?

A

organised into layers and columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is Brodmann’s cytoarchitecture?

A

approx 52 regions of the brain classified depending on cell type, cell packing, cell spacing and cell function etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the main functions of the frontal lobe?

A

contains primary motor cortex (regulating and initiating motor function)

executive functions (e.g. judgement, reasoning, language, memory, attention etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the main functions of the parietal lobe?

A

contains primary somatosensory cortex (regulates sensation = pain, touch)

interoception (self-perception) and spatial orientation

sensory aspects of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the main functions of the occipital lobe?

A

processing visual information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the main functions of the temporal lobe?

A

processing auditory information

emotions and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the main functions of the limbic lobe?

A

responsible for memory, emotion, motivation, reward and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the main functions of the insular cortex?

A

visceral sensations

autonomic control

interoception

auditory processing

visual-vestibular integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where is the insular cortex found?

A

deep within the lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the internal structure of the cerebrum made up of?

A

made up of grey matter and white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

differentiate between white matter and grey matter

A

white matter consists of neuronal axons arraned in tracts whereas grey matter is a collection of neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of white matter tracts?

A

connect cortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the three types of white matter tracts?

A

association fibres
comissural fibres
projection fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the three types of white matter tracts?

A

association fibres
commissural fibres
projection fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are association fibres?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are commissural fibres?

A

connect homologous structures in the left and right hemispheres toghether

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are projection fibres?

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord)

e.g. corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

besides the brain where else are commissural fibres found?

A

found in the spinal cord too (connecting homologous right and left structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the two types of association fibres?

A

short fibres and long fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

name four examples of association fibres

A

superior longitudinal fasciculus

arcuate fasciculus

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

uncinate fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

the frontal and occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

the temporal and occipital lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

the frontal and temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

the anterior frontal and temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a fasciculus?

A

a bundle of fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

give two examples of commissural fibres in the brain

A

corpus callosum

anterior commissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what lower brain structures will projection fibres connect the cortex to?

A

thalamus, spinal cord, brain stem etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the two types of projection fibres?

A

afferent or efferent tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

differentiate between the afferent and efferent tracts of projection fibres

A

projection fibres are made up of afferent and efferent fibres

afferent fibres (tracts) travel towards the cortex

whereas efferent fibres (tracts) travel away from the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why do afferent tracts travel towards the cortex?

A

carry sensory information from various parts of the body to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

why do efferent tracts travel away from the cortex?

A

carry nerve impulses from the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe to various parts of the body to bring about movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

give examples of projection fibres

A

both corona radiat ana dinternal capsule contain afferent and efferent fibres

1) corona radiata = deeper out to cortex
2) internal capsule = (extension of the corona radiata) fibres converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the corona radiata?

A

bundle of projection fibres that radiate further out to the cortex

(large projection of fibres to larger area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the internal capsule?

A

bundle of projection fibres that converge separating the thalamus and caudate nucleus from the lentiform nucleus

(large projection of fibres to smaller area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

differentiate between primary cortices and secondary/association cortices

A

primary cortices have predictable functions, are organised topographically and have right-left symmetry

HOWEVER

secondary cortices have less predictable functions, are not organised topographically and have weak/absent right-left symmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

name the primary cortices

A

primary motor cortex
primary somatosensory cortex
primary visual cortex
primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

name the secondary/association cortices

A

secondary motor cortex
secondary somatosensory cortex
secondary visual cortex
secondary auditory cortex

45
Q

how can the function of various cortices be worked out?

A

stimulation during surgery or studying the consequences of lesions to cortex

46
Q

what are the three motor areas of the frontal lobe?

A

primary motor cortex
supplementary area
premotor area

47
Q

what is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

controls and enables precise, dextrous voluntary movements by providing descending signals

48
Q

what is the function of the supplementary area?

A

involved in planning complex movements (i.e. internally cued)

49
Q

what is the function of the premotor area?

A

involved in planning complex movements (i.e. externally cued)

50
Q

where is the primary motor cortex found?

A

anterior to the central sulcus

51
Q

where is the premotor area found?

A

anterolateral to the primary motor cortex

52
Q

where is the supplementary area found?

A

anteromedial to the primary motor cortex

53
Q

what are the two somatosensory regions in the parietal lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory association

54
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

processes somatic sensations (e.g. proprioception, fine touch, pain, vibration, two-point discrimination and temperature)

55
Q

what is the function of the somatosensory association?

A

interpreting the significance of sensory information

awareness of self and personal space

56
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe

57
Q

where is the somatosensory association found?

A

posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

58
Q

name the types of somatic sensations that the primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for detecting

A 
vibration
pain
two-point discrimination
fine touch
proprioception
59
Q

what are the two visual regions in the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex

visual association

60
Q

what is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

processes visual stimuli

61
Q

what is the function of the visual association?

A

interprets and provides the meaning of visual input

62
Q

what are the two auditory regions in the occipital lobe?

A

primary auditory cortex and auditory association

63
Q

what is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

processes auditory stimuli

64
Q

what is the function of the auditory association?

A

interprets and provides the meaning of auditory input

65
Q

name three general association areas

A

prefrontal cortex, Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

66
Q

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

responsible for executive functions such as attention, adjusting social behaviour, planning, personality expression and decision making

67
Q

what is the function of the Broca’s area?

A

speech production

68
Q

what is the function of the Wernicke’s area?

A

speech comprehension

69
Q

how would a lesion of the prefrontal cortex present?

A

patient undergoes personality and behaviour changes (+ loss of inhibition)

70
Q

how would a lesion of Broca’s area present?

A

expressive aphasia - poor production/inability to produce speech but comprehension intact

71
Q

how would a lesion of Wernicke’s area present?

A

receptive aphasia - poor comprehension/inability to comprehend speech but production is fine

72
Q

what is the association cortex for Broca’s area?

A

Wernicke’s area

73
Q

how would a frontal lobe lesion present?

A

loss/change in personality

inappropriate behaviour

74
Q

how would a parietal lobe lesion present?

A

contralateral neglect

lack of awareness of self and extrapersonal space on contralateral side

impaired processing and interpretation of somatic sensations

75
Q

how would a temporal lobe lesion present?

A

leads to agnosia (inability to recognise and identify objects)

cannot form new memories

(depending on whether lesion is lateral/medial)

76
Q

what are the two types of lesions to the temporal lobe?

A

lateral temporal lobe lesion

medial temporal lobe lesion

77
Q

what is expressive aphasia?

A

inability/reduced ability to produce speech but comprehension is intact

78
Q

what is receptive aphasia?

A

inability/reduced ability to comprehend speech but production is intact

79
Q

what is expressive aphasia indicative of?

A

lesion to Broca’s area

80
Q

what is receptive aphasia indicative of?

A

lesion to Wernicke’s area

81
Q

how does a lesion of the primary visual cortex present?

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field (inability to process/receive visual stimuli)

82
Q

how does a lesion of the visual association present?

A

deficits in the interpretation of visual information (i.e. prosopagnosia - inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces - face blindness)

83
Q

define prosopagnosia

A

inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

84
Q

what is face blindness?

A

prosopagnosia - inability to recognise familiar faces and learn new faces

85
Q

what happens when a primary cortex gets a lesion?

A

stops receiving information

86
Q

what happens when a secondary/association cortex gets a lesion?

A

cannot interpret the meaning of the information being received

87
Q

how do we assess cortical function using imaging?

A

either PET scan or a fMRI

88
Q

what is a PET scan?

A

measures blood flow directly to a brain region

positron emission tomography

89
Q

what is a fMRI scan?

A

measures amount of oxygen in a brain region

functional magnetic resonance imaging

90
Q

how does a PET scan work?

A

radioactive molecules attach to glucose

so regions with more glucose = heightened blood flow = increased radioactive signals = more activity here in these regions comparatively

greater uptake of glucose during specific activity

91
Q

how can cortical function be assessed using encephalography?

A

encephalography (EEG)

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

92
Q

how does encephalography work?

A

measure electrical signals produced by the brain

93
Q

how does magnetoencephalography work?

A

measures magnetic signals produces by the brain

94
Q

what conditions are detected by an EEG?

A

sleep disturbances, epilepsy

95
Q

how is encephalography carried out?

A

numbered electrodes pushed onto scalp to corresponding brain regions and waves mapped out and studied

96
Q

what is the outcome of elcephalography?

A

series of waves that reflect the sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways

97
Q

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

stimulation of neurones using electromagentic induction to assess integrity of neural circuits

98
Q

what is transcranial direct current stimulatio (tDCS)?

A

using low direct current to increase or decrease neuronal firing rate

99
Q

what is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

A

imaging based on the diffusion of water molecules

100
Q

what is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tractography?

A

imaging in the form of 3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

101
Q

how can cortical function be assessed using brain stimulation?

A

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation)

102
Q

how can cortical function be assessed using imaging (assessment of structure)?

A

DTI (diffuse tensor imaging)

DTI with tractography

103
Q

what are the four ways cortical function can be assessed?

A

imaging (PET/ fMRI)

brain stimulation (TMS, tDCS)

encephalography (EEG, MEG)

imaging to assess structure (DTI, +tractography)

104
Q

what is the function of white matter tracts?

A

connect cortical regions together

i.e. bundles of myelinated axons

105
Q

how is the cerebral cortex arranged in columns?

A

small pyramidal neurone

stellate neurone

large pyramidal neurone

106
Q

how is the cerebral cortex arranged in layers?

A

layers I-VI

molecular
external granular
external pyramidal
internal granular
internal pyramidal
multiform
107
Q

what are the components of the limbic lobe?

A

amygdala
hippocampus
mammillary body
cingulate gyrus

108
Q

which association fibre connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

A

arcuate fasciculus

109
Q

which potential types are used in encephalography to evoke a response?

A

visual evoked potentials

event-related potentials

somatosensory evoked potentials

brs (phase 1b) (71 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions