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brs (phase 1b) > (neuro) auditory system > Flashcards

(neuro) auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

how many sections is the ear divided into?

A

outer, middle, and inner ear

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2
Q

where is the ear embedded?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

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3
Q

why is it important that the ear is embedded in the temporal bone?

A

temporal bone = hardest bone in the body

so can protect the delicate structure of the ear well

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4
Q

what are the functions of the outer ear?

A

to capture sound and to focus it onto the tympanic membrane

to amplify some frequencies by resonance in the canal

to protect the ear from extrenal threats

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5
Q

what is the tympanic membrane also known as?

A

eardrum

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6
Q

how is the ear adapted for protection from external threats?

A

have cilia in the external acoustic meatus that waft to extrude unwanted elements from entering the ear

have ear wax that will trap the unwanted external elements + has a pH that is toxic for pathogenic material

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7
Q

what is the main function of the middle ear?

A

amplification

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8
Q

how is sound amplified in the middle ear?

A

vibrations are focussed from the tympanic membrane (larger SA) onto the oval window (smaller SA)

the change in surface area causes in increase in pressure

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9
Q

what impact does the focussing of vibrations have?

A

the decrease in SA from the large tympanic membrane to the smaller oval window causes an increase in pressure

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10
Q

how is the force increased on the oval window?

A

using leverage from the incus-stapes joint

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11
Q

what does the middle ear consist of?

A

tympanic membrane

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

stapedius muscle

oval window

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12
Q

what are the ossicles?

A

smallest bones in the body

include the malleus, incus and stapes

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13
Q

name the three ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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14
Q

describe the structure of the ossicles

A

the malleus is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum

the malleus articulates with the incus which in turn articulates with the stapes

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15
Q

what is the oval window?

A

membrane-covered opening from the base of the stapes in the middle ear to the cochlea of the inner ear

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16
Q

describe the path of sound amplification in middle ear

A

vibration hit the tympanic membrane

transmit vibrations to the chain of connected ossicles

vibrations focussed onto the connective tissue membrane called the oval window

the focussing of the vibrations causes an increase in pressure = amplification of sound

sound is transmitted into the inner ear

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17
Q

what is the oval window?

A

connective tissue membrane located at the end of the middle ear at the base of the stapes and the beginning of the inner ear

responsible for stimulating the movement of auditory fluids in the cochlea and the activation of receptors for hearing

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18
Q

what is the hearing part of the inner ear?

A

cochlea

19
Q

what is the function of the cochlea?

A

transduces vibrations into nervous impulses

produces a frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness) analysis of the sound

20
Q

what does the frequency and amplitude of the sound determine?

A

will determine the location of the ear in which the cells will be stimulated

i.e. different frequencies and amplitudes will stimulate cells in different parts of the ear

21
Q

what is the alternative function of the cochlea besides transduction?

A

produce a frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness) analysis of the sound

22
Q

describe the structure of the cochlea

A

hollow, spiral-shaped bone found in the inner ear

cochlear duct is divided into thee compartments: scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani

23
Q

name the three compartments of the cochlear duct

A

scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani

24
Q

what structure separates the cochlea into its three compartments?

A

oval window

25
Q

describe the structure of the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

A

both scalae are bony structures that are filled with perilymph (w the membranous scala media in between them)

communicate w each other via the helicotrema (an opening at the apex of the cochlea)

26
Q

what do the scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain?

A

perilymph (high in sodium)

27
Q

what is the perilymph and why is it important?

A

sodium-rich fluid found in the bony labyrinth of the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani, surround the endolymph in the membranous labyrinth of the scala media

resembles extracellular fluid and transmits sound waves to the endolymph

28
Q

which membranes are linked to the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani?

A

scala vestibuli = vestibular membrane

scala tympani = basilar membrane

29
Q

how do the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli communicate?

A

communicate w each other via the helicotrema (an opening at the apex of the cochlea)

30
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

hollow, spiral-shaped bone found in the inner ear

transforms the vibrations of the auditory fluids into neural signals for interpretation by the brain

31
Q

what is the function of the cochlea?

A

transforms the vibrations of the auditory fluids into neural signals for interpretation by the brain

32
Q

which mineral ion is the perilymph high in?

A

sodium

33
Q

what structure sits in between the scala vestibule and the scala vestibuli?

A

scala media

34
Q

what is the scala media?

A

membranous structure that contains endolymph, rich in potassium

35
Q

what does the scala media contain?

A

endolymph, rich in potassium

36
Q

which mineral ion is the endolymph high in?

A

potassium

37
Q

compare the perilymph with the endolymph

A

perilymph = found in the bony labyrinth of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani, rich in sodium and mimics extracellular fluid, transmits vibrations to the endolymph

endolymph = found in the membranous labyrinth of the scala media, Irish in potassium and mimics intracellular fluid, transmits vibrations to the hair cells

38
Q

which structure is linked to the scala media?

A

organ of Corti

39
Q

where is the perilymph located?

A

in the bony labyrinth of the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

40
Q

where is the endolymph located?

A

in the membranous labyrinth of the scala media

41
Q

where is the organ of Corti found?

A

within the scala media

42
Q

what is the helicotrema?

A

an opening at the apex of the cochlea

which is the point of communication between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani

43
Q

where is the organ of Corti found?

A

within the basilar membrane (between the scala media and the scala tympani)

brs (phase 1b) (71 decks)

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