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Neuro book Flashcards

1
Q

What cavities of the ventricular system lie within the brainstem?

A

IV ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

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2
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

VI-VIII

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3
Q

What makes up the pyramids?

A

Motor tracts

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4
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?

A

Centripetal fibres

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5
Q

Regarding the midbrain:
What is immediately superior?
What is immediately inferior?

A

Superior - diencephalon

Inferior - pons

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6
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Projection fibres connecting the midbrain to the thalamus

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7
Q

What structure connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

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8
Q

What ventricular space is immediately anterior to the cerebellum?

A

Iv ventricle

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9
Q

What is the name of the part of the cerebellum that lies on top of the foramen magnum?

A

Cerebellar tonsils

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10
Q

What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Medial longitudinal fissure

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11
Q

What fibres does the corpus callosum carry?

A

Commissural

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12
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate?
In adults?
In children?

A

Adults - L1/L2

Newborn - L2/L3

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13
Q

Where does the dura mater terminate?

A

S2

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14
Q

Where does the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

S2

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15
Q

What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?

A

Becomes filum terminalis

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16
Q

At what level would you do a lumbar puncture?

A

L3-L4

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17
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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18
Q

From what arteries give rise to the verebtral arteries?

A

subclavian

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19
Q

Which arteries form the basilar artery?

A

The two vertebral arteries

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20
Q

Where does the anterior cerebral artery travel?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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21
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery travel?

A

lateral sulcus

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22
Q

Where does the posterior cerebral artery travel?

A

Transverse sulcus

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23
Q

What do the Vertebro-Basilar System supply?

A
  1. The Cerebellum
  2. The Brainstem
  3. The Inner Ear
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24
Q

What Cerebral Artery run immediately superior to the Superior Cerebellar Artery

A

The Posterior Cerebral Artery

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25
Q

What Cranial Nerve emerges from just above the Superior Cerebellar Artery?

A

The Occulomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)

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26
Q

What is the Clinical Significance of the Proximity of the Occulomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) to the Superior Cerebellar Artery?

A

Aneurysms are common and can cause Occulomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III) Palsy

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27
Q

What are the 3 things which help control blood supply to the Brain?

A
  1. The Carotid Sinus
  2. The Carotid Body
  3. The Sympathetic Motor Nerves
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28
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Dilatation at erminal common carotid
Pressure receptor
Montiros blood to head

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29
Q

What nerves supply the carotid sinus?

A
  1. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)

2. The Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)

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30
Q

What is the Carotid Body?

A

Area on posterior wall of terminal common carotid
Contains chemoreceptors sensitive to anoxia
Stimulates increased HR, RR and BP if anoxia detected

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31
Q

What nerve supplies the carotid body?

A

Glossopharyngeal

32
Q

What are the Sympathetic Motor Nerves?

A

Superior cervical ganglion around internal carotid artery

Plexus enters skull with artery

33
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

34
Q

Other than the jugular vein, what other connections are there between extra and intracranial veins?

A

Superior opthlamic vein draining into cavernous sinus
Emissary veins
Inferior petrosal sinuses - connected by basilar sinus

35
Q

What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

Opthalmics
Superficial Middle cerebral vein
Middle meningeal
Hypopyseal veins

36
Q

What Structures of the Skull are closely related to the Cavernous Sinus?

A
  1. Cranial Nerves III, IV, V1, V2, VI,
  2. The Internal Carotid Artery
  3. The Ophthalmic Vein
  4. The Middle Cerebral Vein
  5. The Sphenoid Air Sinuses
  6. The Sella Turcica
37
Q

What is a Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis?

A

A clinical condition due to a spread of infection via Emissary Veins from the Nose, Sinuses, Ears and Teeth.

38
Q

What can cavernous sinus thrombosis cause?

A

Bulding eyes due to raised ICP

Loss of vision/eyemovements due to paralysis of nerves passing through it/impingement on those next to it

39
Q

What fluid is found in the subaracnoid space?

40
Q

What structures are found in the subaranoid space?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

Arachnoid villi

41
Q

What structures do the falx cerebri separate?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

Where does the falx cerebri connect to anteriorly?

A

Crista gali

43
Q

Which sinus runs within the upper border the of the falx cerbri?

A

Superior saggital sinus

inferior runs on lower border

44
Q

What structures does the tentorum cerbeilli separate?

A

Cerbellum and cerebral hemispheres

45
Q

Where does the tentorum cerebeilli connect to?

A
  1. 2 x Anterior Clinoid Process of the Sphenoid Bone

2. 2 x Posterior Clinoid Process of the Sphenoid Bone

46
Q

Which dural fold surrounds the pituitary stalk?

A

Diaphgram stella

47
Q

Embryologically speaking, what do the ventricles arise from?

A

Central cavity of brainstem

48
Q

What are 5 main parts of the Ventricular System within the Cranium?

A
  1. The Lateral Ventricle
  2. The Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monro)
  3. The 3rd Ventricle (III Ventricle)
  4. The Cerebral Aqueduct
  5. the 4th Ventricle (IV Ventricle)`
49
Q

What are the parts of the lateral ventricle, where do they lie?

A

Anterior horn - frontal lobe
Body - in midline - between frontal/parietal
Posterior horn - occipital lobe
Inferior horn - temporal lobe

50
Q

Where is teh interventricular foramen found?

A

In the frontal lobe

51
Q

Where does the 3rd Ventricle (III Ventricle) lie?

A

Within the Diencephalon

52
Q

Where does the Cerebral Aqueduct lie?

A

Within the Midbrain

53
Q

Where does the 4th Ventricle (IV Ventricle) lie?

A
  1. The Dorsal Surface of the Brainstem

2. Beneath and Anterior to the Cerebellum

54
Q

How does the CSF pass from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space?

A

By the lateral apature

55
Q

Where is SCF reabsorbed back into general circulation?

A

Dural venous sinuses in arachnoid granulations

56
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Corpus Callosum?

A
  1. Splenium
  2. Body
  3. Genu
  4. Rostrum
57
Q

What is the septum pellucidum?

A

Thin sheet in midsaggital plane separating the two anterior horns of the lateral ventricles
Found immediately inferior to the fornix

58
Q

What is the Fornix?

A

A bundle of fibers which links the Hippocampus with the Mammillary Bodies of the Hypothalamus

59
Q

What is found at the floor of the lateral ventricle?

A

The caudate nucleus

60
Q

How are the colliculi related to the pineal gland?

A

Inferiorly

61
Q

What forms the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus,
lentiform nucleus
substantia nigra
Subthalmic nucleus

62
Q

What fibres make up the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibres

63
Q

Which cerebral artery suppies the internal capsule?

64
Q

How is the basal ganglia related to the red nuculeus?

A

Red nucleuis is posterior

65
Q

What are the features of the Cervical Spinal Cord Sections?

A
  1. A Wide, Oval shape
  2. Little Gray Matter
  3. Large amounts of White Matter
66
Q

What are the features of the Thoracic Spinal Cord Sections?

A
  1. A Wide, Oval Shape

2. Lateral Horns present in the Gray Matter

67
Q

What are the features of the Lumbar Spinal Cord Sections?

A
  1. Circular Shape
  2. Large amounts of Gray Matter
  3. Notable presence of White Matter
68
Q

What are the features of the Sacral Spinal Cord Sections?

A
  1. Circular Shape
  2. Very Large Amounts of Gray Matter
  3. Very little White Matter
69
Q

Which White Matter Tract carries Motor Innervation from the Cerebral Cortex to the Lower Motor Neurons?

A

The Corticospinal Tract

70
Q

Which Cranial Nerves have a Parasympathetic Component?

A
  1. The Occulomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
  2. The Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
  3. The Glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
  4. The Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
71
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are attached Directly to the Brain?

A
  1. The Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)

2. The Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)

72
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are attached Directly to the Midbrain?

A
  1. The Occulomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)

2. The Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)

73
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are attached Directly to the Pons?

A

The Facial Nerve

74
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are attached Directly to the Pontomedullary Junction?

A
  1. The Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
  2. The Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
  3. The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
75
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are attached Directly to the Medulla?

A
  1. The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)
  2. The Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
  3. The Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
  4. The Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
76
Q

Which Cranial Nerves are tested by the Pupillary Light Reflex?

A
  1. The Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)

2. The Occulomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)

77
Q

What Cranial Nerve would you be testing if you asked the patient to stick their tongue out, and move it in different directions?

A

The Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)

Anatomy (34 decks)

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