H&N 3 Flashcards
What passes through the optic foramen?
Optic nerve
Opthalmic artery
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III - oculomotor nerve CN IV - trochlear nerve CN VI - abducens nerve CN V1 - trigeminal opthalmic divisions Opthalmic veins
What are the main contents of the orbit?
Eyeball Extrinsic ocular muscles Ligaments supporting the eye Optic nerve Branches of opthalmic artery Lacrimal apparatus Orbital fat
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Trigeminal nerve - maxillary division
CNV2
What makes up the outer fibrous layer of the eye?
Sclera
Cornea
What makes up the middle vascular layer of the eye?
Iris
Coronary body
Choroid
What makes up the inner sensory layer of the eye?
Retina
What are the two fluids in the eye, where are they found?
Aqueous humour - anterior segment
Vitreous humour - posterior segment
What part of the eye secretes aqueous humour?
Ciliary process
What is the innervation of the ciliaris muscle?
Parasympathetic via CN III
What is the action of ciliaris muscle?
Accommodation
Where is the ciliaris located?
Ciliary body
What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?
Ciliaris
Sphincter pupillae
Dilator pupillae
Where is the sphincter pupillae muscle located?
Pupillary border of iris
Where is the dilator pupillae located?
Radically round iris
What is the action of the sphincter pupillae?
Constricts pupil
What is the action of the dilator pupillae?
Dilates pupil
What is the innervation of the dilator pupillae?
Parasympathetic via CN III
What is the innervation of the dilator pupillae?
Sympathetic innervation
What are the etrinsic muscle of the eye?
The four recti
Superior/inferior obliques
levator palpebrae superioris
What is the action of the medial rectus?
Adduction
What is the action of the lateral rectus?
Abduction
What is the action of the superior rectus?
Elevation
Adduction
Intorsion
What is the action of the inferior rectus?
Depression
Adduction
Extorsion
What are the actions of the superior oblique?
Depression
Abduction
Intorsion
What are the actions of the inferior oblique?
Elevations
Abduction
Extorsion
What ligaments prevent overabduction/adduction of they eye?
Medial and lateral check ligaments
What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?
Connects the lens to muscle
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal gland?
CN III
What bones make up the inner ear?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What joints are found between the ossicles?
mini-synovial
Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
Which ossicle is in contact with the ocal window?
Stapes
What two muscles are related to the ossicles?
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
What is the action of the stapedius?
Limits movement - limits vibration of the ossicle chain
What is the action of the tensor tympani?
Tenses eardrum (pulls medially)
What two areas does the middle ear communicate with?
Nasopharynx
Mastoid processes
What is the fluid in the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
What fluid is found in the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
Through what foramina does the facial nerve leave the posterior cranial fossa?
Internal acoustic
Then stylomastoid foramen
What fibres does the chorda tympani carry?
Parasympathetic (secretomotor) to submandibular and sublingual glands
Sensory (taste) to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Where do the paratoid lymph nodes drain?
Scalp around parotid gland
Lateral parts of eyelids
Middle ear
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes found?
A chain around the internal jugular nerve
>Form jugular lymph trunk
Where do the jugular lymph trunks drain?
Right - internal jugular/subclavian vein
Left - thoracic duct
Where do the buccal lymph nodes drain?
Cheek region
Where do the submental lymph nodes drain?
Anterior tongue tip
Central part of floor of mouth and chin
Where do the submandibular lymph nodes drain?
Front of scalp, nose, lips and air sinuses
Gums, anterior tongue, floor of mouth
Submental nodes
Where do the mastoid lymph nodes drain?
Middle scalp
External auditory meatus
Where do the occipital lymph nodes drain?
Back of scalp
Where do the anterior cervical lymph nodes drain?
Superficial structures of anterior neck
Where do the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain?
Parotid nodes
Angle of mandible
Where do the retropharyngeal lymph nodes drain?
Nasopharynx
Auditory tube
Upper cervical vertebral column
Where do the laryngeal lymph nodes drain?
Larynx/adjacent structures
Where do the teacheal lymph nodes drain?
Trachea + thyroid gland
What are the three fossae of the skull?
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
What bones make up the pterion?
Temporal
Sphenoid
Frontal
Parietal
What passes through the foramina of the anterior plate?
CN 1 - olfactory nerve
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
CN V2 - maxillary branch of trigeminal
What passes through foramen ovale?
CN V3 - mandibular branch of trigeminal
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
What passes through foramen lacerum?
Nothing
Only cartilage makes it up
What passes through the carotid canal?
Internal carotid artery
What passes through the internal acoustic foramen?
CN VII, facial
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Internal jugular vein
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus
CN XI - Accesory
What passes through the hypoglossal foramen?
CN XII - hypoglossal nerve
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord
Vertebral arteries
Ascending fibres of accessory nerve
What membrane gives the extradural haemorrhage its distinctive shape, what is it?
A biconves lens shape
Caused by the dura mater
Into which foramen dos the sigmoid sinus lead?
Jugular foramen
In which bone is the sella tucica found?
Sphenoid bone
What attach to the anterior and posterior clinoid processes?
The tentorium cerebelli
What foramen lies anterior the the groove for the cavernous sinus?
Superior orbital sinus
What muscles attach to the medial pterygoid plate?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
What bone are thepterygoid muscles a part of?
Sphenoid
What are teh advantages of a felxible skull as a neonate?
Childbirth - allows for passage through a smaller birth canal
Infancy - allows for rapid brain growth
What type of ossification happens in the skull?
1) flat bones
2) irregular bones of base
1) membranous ossification
2) endochondral
When does the anterior fontanelle fuse?
18 months
When does the psoterior fontanelle fuse?
2-3 months
What are the differences between an adult and neonate skull?
Tympanic membrane lower down in neonate
Has unfused fontanelles in a neonate
Has two sets of teeth in neonate
Styloid and mastoid processes unpronounced in neonates
What epithelium lines the tonue?
Keratinised squamous epithelium
What is the secretion of the parotid gland, how does it stain?
Predominately serous
Stains strong pink
What is the secretion of the submandibular gland, how does it stain?
Mixed
Mixture of strong pink and white
What is the secretion of the sublingual gland, how does it stain?
Predominately mucous
Stains white
