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Neuro & A&P Flashcards

1
Q

which layer of the vocal folds is primarily responsible for vibratory properties during phonation?

A

lamina propria

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2
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary articulator in speech production?
A. tongue
B. lips
C. nasal cavity
D. larynx

A

D. larynx

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3
Q

what is the primary muscle involved in inhalation during speech/

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

the pharynx plays a crucial role in which of the following processes?
A. articulation of consonants
B. swallowing and resonance
C. vocal fold adduction
D. airway protection

A

B. swallowing and resonance

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5
Q

which part of the brain is primarily involved in the production of speech?

A

Broca’s

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6
Q

Pyramidal decussation or motor decussation occurs in the:

A

medulla oblongata

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7
Q

which brain region is primarily responsible for processing auditory language?

A

Wernicke’s

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8
Q

the cerebellum contributes to which aspect of speech?

A

coordination and timing of speech movements

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9
Q

apraxia of speech primarily affects:

A

the ability to plan and coordinate speech movements

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10
Q

neural plasticity refers to:

A

the brain’s ability to form new connections after injury

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11
Q

this artery is responsible for providing blood supply to the primary motor cortex and is most often occluded in a stroke.

A

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

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12
Q

this intrinsic muscle of the larynx is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN):

A

cricothyroid

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13
Q

which of the following intervention strategies is most appropriate for a child with speech sound disorders?
A. increasing sentence length
B. targeting specific phonemes using visual feedback
C. enhancing vocabulary
D. focusing on fluency techniques

A

B. targeting specific phonemes using visual feedback

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14
Q

feedback in speech production primarily involves:

A

auditory and sensory input during communication

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15
Q

which cranial nerve is most directly involved in the movement of the tongue?

A

CN XII (hypoglossal)

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16
Q

which neurological disorder is most likely to result in HYPOkinetic dysarthria?

A

parkinson’s disease

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17
Q

efferent

A

motor
exit

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18
Q

afferent

A

sensory
arrives

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19
Q

pyramidal

A

tracts (originate in CEREBRAL CORTEX) carry fibers to spinal cord/ brainstem
*Voluntary!!!!

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20
Q

extrapyramidal

A

tracts (originate in BRAINSTEM) carry fibers to spinal cord
*Involuntary & automatic!!!!

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21
Q

UMN

A

cerebral cortex/ brainstem
transmit nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons

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22
Q

LMN

A

found in brainstem/ spinal cord
transmit nerve impulses from upper motor neurons to muscles

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23
Q

brain to LMN

A

UMN

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24
Q

UMN to muscles

A

LMN

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25
Q

rostral

A

front, towards the nose

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26
Q

caudal

A

back, towards the tail

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27
Q

CNS

A

brain
spinal cord

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28
Q

PNS

A

all other nerves (that are not in brain/ spinal cord)

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29
Q

parasympathetic

A

controls body functions at rest

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30
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

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31
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary
cardiac and smooth muscles, glands

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32
Q

somatic

A

voluntary
skeletal muscles

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33
Q

included in peripheral nervous system:

A

automatic & somatic
automatic -> sympathetic & parasympathetic

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34
Q

included in central nervous system:

A

brain & spinal cord
brain -> forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
forebrain -> telencephalon & diencephalon
midbrain -> mesencephalon
hindbrain -> metencephalon & myelencephalon

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35
Q

medulla

A

lower portion of brainstem, below pons
regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes

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36
Q

basal ganglia

A

deep within cerebral hemispheres
fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

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37
Q

thalamus

A

top of brainstem
relay center for sensory / motor signals

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38
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis, regulates hunger/ thirst, pain/ pleasure

39
Q

amygdala

A

nuclei located within temporal lobes
emotions, arousal, motivation

40
Q

Heschel’s gyrus

A

brodmann area 41
auditory processing

41
Q

angular gyrus

A

area 39
involved in semantic processing, language and cognition

42
Q

Broca’s area

A

area 44
motor speech area, speech production

43
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

area 22; language comprehension, processing

44
Q

primary visual area

45
Q

primary sensory area

46
Q

primary motor area

47
Q

frontal lobe

A

language production, cognitive functions and voluntary movement

48
Q

temporal lobe

A

language comprehension and memory

49
Q

brainstem

A

breathing, temperature, heart rate

50
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensation, taste, smell, touch, hearing

51
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision and visual processing

52
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination and balance

53
Q

language dominant hemisphere

54
Q

supporting language hemisphere

55
Q

primary motor area

A

FRONTAL LOBE

56
Q

auditory processing and compression

57
Q

sensory motor area

58
Q

visual area

59
Q

circle of willis

60
Q

extends upward and forward from the internal carotid artery

61
Q

largest branch of internal carotid

62
Q

stem from basilar artery

63
Q

masseter muscle

A

connects mandible and cheeckbone

64
Q

temporalis muscle

A

large, fan shaped muscle

65
Q

medial pterygoid

A

connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones

66
Q

later pterygoid

A

two-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull

67
Q

area above the vocal folds

A

supraglottis region

68
Q

most inferior cartilage; ring-shaped

A

cricoid cartilage

69
Q

only paired major cartilage

70
Q

extrinsic muscles that elevate the larynx

A

suprahyoid
stylopharyngeus

71
Q

intrinsic muscle that ABducts the vocal folds

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

72
Q

contains true vocal folds

73
Q

largest cartilage; adam’s apple

74
Q

attack to apex of arytenoid cartilages

A

corniculate cartilage

75
Q

extrinsic muscle that depresses the larynx

A

infrahyoid

76
Q

intrinsic muscles that ADduct the vocal folds

A

lateral cricoarytenoid
transverse arytenoid
oblique arytenoid
cricothyroid
thyroarytenoid

77
Q

area below the vocal folds

A

subglottis

78
Q

leaf shaped; protects airway during swallow

A

epiglottis

79
Q

do not attach to any other cartilages

80
Q

abduction

81
Q

adduction

82
Q

phonation: change pitch

A

length of VFs
tension of VFs
mass of VFs per unit length
changes in subglottal pressure

83
Q

breathy

A

incomplete glottal closure

84
Q

rough

A

aperiodic VF vibration: irregular mucosal wave adds spectral noise

85
Q

strained

A

associated with considerable medial compression of VFs ; also aperiodic VF vibration

86
Q

harsh

A

strained and rough

87
Q

hoarse

A

strained, rough, and breathy

88
Q

phonation: change in loudness

A

subglottal pressure
medial compression of VFs
duration, speed, and degree of VF closure
supraglottal adjustments

89
Q

which artery supplies blood to Broca’s area, and damage to this artery could result in expressive aphasia?

A

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

90
Q

damage to the arcuate fasciculus in the dominant hemisphere results in which of the following types of aphasia?

A

Conduction aphasia

91
Q

which structure in the brainstem is primarily responsible for the coordination of respiratory and phonatory functions essential for speech production?

A

medulla oblongata

92
Q

which subcortical structure is involved in the coordination of learned, automatic motor patterns and receives input primarily from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor area?

A

basal ganglia

93
Q

what best describes the roles of the cerebellum in speech production?

A

coordinating the timing and precision of speech movements

COMPS (11 decks)

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