Neuro & A&P Flashcards by Morgan Villa

which layer of the vocal folds is primarily responsible for vibratory properties during phonation?

lamina propria

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Which of the following is NOT considered a primary articulator in speech production?
A. tongue
B. lips
C. nasal cavity
D. larynx

D. larynx

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what is the primary muscle involved in inhalation during speech/

diaphragm

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the pharynx plays a crucial role in which of the following processes?
A. articulation of consonants
B. swallowing and resonance
C. vocal fold adduction
D. airway protection

B. swallowing and resonance

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which part of the brain is primarily involved in the production of speech?

Broca’s

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Pyramidal decussation or motor decussation occurs in the:

medulla oblongata

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which brain region is primarily responsible for processing auditory language?

Wernicke’s

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the cerebellum contributes to which aspect of speech?

coordination and timing of speech movements

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apraxia of speech primarily affects:

the ability to plan and coordinate speech movements

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neural plasticity refers to:

the brain’s ability to form new connections after injury

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this artery is responsible for providing blood supply to the primary motor cortex and is most often occluded in a stroke.

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

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this intrinsic muscle of the larynx is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN):

cricothyroid

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which of the following intervention strategies is most appropriate for a child with speech sound disorders?
A. increasing sentence length
B. targeting specific phonemes using visual feedback
C. enhancing vocabulary
D. focusing on fluency techniques

B. targeting specific phonemes using visual feedback

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feedback in speech production primarily involves:

auditory and sensory input during communication

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which cranial nerve is most directly involved in the movement of the tongue?

CN XII (hypoglossal)

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which neurological disorder is most likely to result in HYPOkinetic dysarthria?

parkinson’s disease

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efferent

motor
exit

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afferent

sensory
arrives

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pyramidal

tracts (originate in CEREBRAL CORTEX) carry fibers to spinal cord/ brainstem
*Voluntary!!!!

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extrapyramidal

tracts (originate in BRAINSTEM) carry fibers to spinal cord
*Involuntary & automatic!!!!

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UMN

cerebral cortex/ brainstem
transmit nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons

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LMN

found in brainstem/ spinal cord
transmit nerve impulses from upper motor neurons to muscles

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brain to LMN

UMN

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UMN to muscles

LMN

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rostral

front, towards the nose

caudal

back, towards the tail

CNS

brain spinal cord

PNS

all other nerves (that are not in brain/ spinal cord)

parasympathetic

controls body functions at rest

sympathetic

fight or flight

autonomic

involuntary cardiac and smooth muscles, glands

somatic

voluntary skeletal muscles

included in peripheral nervous system:

automatic & somatic automatic -> sympathetic & parasympathetic

included in central nervous system:

brain & spinal cord brain -> forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain forebrain -> telencephalon & diencephalon midbrain -> mesencephalon hindbrain -> metencephalon & myelencephalon

medulla

lower portion of brainstem, below pons regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes

basal ganglia

deep within cerebral hemispheres fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

thalamus

top of brainstem relay center for sensory / motor signals

hypothalamus

homeostasis, regulates hunger/ thirst, pain/ pleasure

amygdala

nuclei located within temporal lobes emotions, arousal, motivation

Heschel's gyrus

brodmann area 41 auditory processing

angular gyrus

area 39 involved in semantic processing, language and cognition

Broca's area

area 44 motor speech area, speech production

Wernicke's area

area 22; language comprehension, processing

primary visual area

primary sensory area

1, 2, 3

primary motor area

frontal lobe

language production, cognitive functions and voluntary movement

temporal lobe

language comprehension and memory

brainstem

breathing, temperature, heart rate

parietal lobe

sensation, taste, smell, touch, hearing

occipital lobe

vision and visual processing

cerebellum

coordination and balance

language dominant hemisphere

LEFT

supporting language hemisphere

RIGHT

primary motor area

FRONTAL LOBE

auditory processing and compression

TEMPORAL

sensory motor area

PARIETAL

visual area

OCCIPITAL

circle of willis

MCA ACA PCA

extends upward and forward from the internal carotid artery

ACA

largest branch of internal carotid

MCA

stem from basilar artery

PCA

masseter muscle

connects mandible and cheeckbone

temporalis muscle

large, fan shaped muscle

medial pterygoid

connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones

later pterygoid

two-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull

area above the vocal folds

supraglottis region

most inferior cartilage; ring-shaped

cricoid cartilage

only paired major cartilage

arytenoid

extrinsic muscles that elevate the larynx

suprahyoid stylopharyngeus

intrinsic muscle that ABducts the vocal folds

posterior cricoarytenoid

contains true vocal folds

glottis

largest cartilage; adam's apple

thyroid

attack to apex of arytenoid cartilages

corniculate cartilage

extrinsic muscle that depresses the larynx

infrahyoid

intrinsic muscles that ADduct the vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoid transverse arytenoid oblique arytenoid cricothyroid thyroarytenoid

area below the vocal folds

subglottis

leaf shaped; protects airway during swallow

epiglottis

do not attach to any other cartilages

cuneiform

abduction

open

adduction

closed

phonation: change pitch

length of VFs tension of VFs mass of VFs per unit length changes in subglottal pressure

breathy

incomplete glottal closure

rough

aperiodic VF vibration: irregular mucosal wave adds spectral noise

strained

associated with considerable medial compression of VFs ; also aperiodic VF vibration

harsh

strained and rough

hoarse

strained, rough, and breathy

phonation: change in loudness

subglottal pressure medial compression of VFs duration, speed, and degree of VF closure supraglottal adjustments

which artery supplies blood to Broca's area, and damage to this artery could result in expressive aphasia?

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

damage to the arcuate fasciculus in the dominant hemisphere results in which of the following types of aphasia?

Conduction aphasia

which structure in the brainstem is primarily responsible for the coordination of respiratory and phonatory functions essential for speech production?

medulla oblongata

which subcortical structure is involved in the coordination of learned, automatic motor patterns and receives input primarily from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor area?

basal ganglia

what best describes the roles of the cerebellum in speech production?

coordinating the timing and precision of speech movements