Fluency FINAL ?s Flashcards
individuals who stutter feature a number of brain structural aberrations. past research has reported aberrations that affect:
grey matter volume, white matter volume, gyri variations, white matter integrity
all people exhibit disfluencies in their speech. however, stutterers may be distinguished from non stutterers because in stutterers these behaviors
are greater in frequency
have an increased number of repetitions
have increased rates of repetition
cluster together with other disfluencies
stuttering as a speech behavior is defined by overt speech characteristics but stuttering as a complex speech disorder includes which of the following?
emotional responses
cognitive processes
social dynamics of stuttering
data on the occurrence of stuttering across the lifespan indicate that
the prevalence of the disorder is about 1% while its incidence is about 5% or higher
the biological factors that influence the incidence and prevalence of stuttering:
age
gender
family history
how can the pattern of “adaptation” in stutterers impact the result of an assessment?
stuttering is reduced on successive readings of a passage and could lead the evaluator to underestimate the frequency of stuttering
given the following words, which one, according to the patterns established by Spencer Brown and others, is most likely to elicit stuttering?
A. always
B. which
C. appearance
D. population
E. along
D. population
which is LEAST likely to exhibit stuttering?
speakers with hearing impairment
which might be a typical physical concomitant of stuttering?
eye blinking
tremors of face or jaw
head turns
unnecessary respiratory gasps
people who stutter typically produce stuttering-like disfluencies at what rate?
10% of words
several patterns have been observed regarding changes in the frequency and location of stuttering. the pattern which shows that a speaker will stutter on a word next to a word on which he has previously stuttering if the first word is removed from a reading passage, is called:
adjacency
what is the average length of a stuttered dysfluency?
1 sec
with some differences among physiological brain studies, the findings indicate that, compared with normally fluent speakers, PWS demonstrate?
greater activity in the right hemisphere cortex (grey matter)
the “demands and capacities” model of stuttering developed by adams and starkweather:
suggests that it arises when a child’s innate abilities cannot meet environmental expectations for cognitive, motoric, or linguistic skill
which of the following situations would you expect a stutterer to stutter most?
A. swearing
B. singing
C. whispering
D. explaining
D. explaining
in regards to stuttering, the term “core behaviors” refers to:
repetition and prolongation
one challenge to carefully defining stuttering is that
it is both a specific speech event and a complex disorder
regarding the usual meanings of the term “stutterings”
disfluency is a form of stuttering (but not the only form)
“stuttering-like” dysfluencies (or SLDs) generally include:
part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, blocks
stuttering onset and development are characterized by
heterogeneity in characteristics and severity
longitudinal studies of young children who stutter suggest that of all stutterers with onsets between ages 2 & 4 years, the number likely to naturally recover is about:
80%
an important clinical issue is trying to determine which young children who stutter are more likely to recover naturally and which are less likely to recover. one speech characteristic that appears to be predictive is:
children who markedly reduce the mean number of SLDs within 2 years of onset are more likely to recover
within speech samples of the same length, which of the following is most likely to be identified as the speech of a person who stutters? a sample containing:
six instances of single-syllable word repetition
the multifactorial, nonlinear, and dynamic theory of stuttering poses that:
stuttering events are not static, but are a dynamic and continuous process
even slight differences in some factors may upset the balance of the speech system
stuttering can’t be explained by a single factor and motor and language factors, and their interaction play a role in the development of stuttering
atypical and/or lagging development of speech-motor control processes are features of early stuttering
which of the following has provided strong evidence for a genetic component in the etiology of stuttering?
twin studies
family incidence
gene analysis
bilingualism tends to;
have no reliable effect on the incidence of stuttering
if you were deciding whether to label a child as one who stutters and put that child in therapy, a good (and commonly used) threshold for making that distinction would be:
more than 2-3% disfluency
if a child begins stuttering at about age 3 and is still stuttering at age 10, how does that child’s chance of natural recovery compare to that of other children who began stuttering at the same age?
the child has a far smaller chance of recovery
you develop a short term goal for a client who is working on easy onsets and maximizing continuous phonation. elements you should consider for this goal include:
the length and linguistic complexity of the utterances he is to produce
the communicative environment in which he practices his strategies
the communicative partners with which he interacts
you suggest to your teenage client that he develop a personal research project about famous stutterers in history, and that he come describe this project to your clinic support group for stuttering children and their parents. this is a good way to address:
cognitive-affective concerns about being a stutterer
the psychological quality that allows people afflicted by life adversities (such as those who stutter) to come back at least as strong as before.
resilience
in psychological studies of stutterers, one psycho-emotional feature that may distinguish stutterers from normal speakers is that:
stutterers may show greater anxiety than speaker who do not stutter
one possible explanation for the effects of delayed auditory feedback, noise, and other altered speech feedback on the fluency of stutterers is that:
altered feedback tends to slow speech and increase vocal intensity, thus facilitating fluency
in addition to severity measures, most stuttering assessments seek info in at least 2 other areas. most commonly these are:
speaker’s attitudes toward speech/communication and speakers; situational difficulties
rapid, sporadic, unorganized, and sometimes unintelligible speech is associated most often with:
cluttering
neurogenic stuttering is diagnosed based on:
evidence of a neurological disorder or disease
cluttering and developmental stuttering in school age children are best differentiated by:
self monitoring awareness of speech disfluency
in a 2015 study, Spanish-English bilingual children produced which type of stuttering-like disfluencies at a rate that would be indicative of stuttering in monolingual English speaking children?
monosyllabic word repetitions
in the traditional stuttering therapy, one rationale for pausing after instance of stuttering, when the “cancellation” modification technique is used, is to:
analyze the recent instance of stuttering
when doing post block modification, the speaker often wants to shorten the stuttering block by stopping in the middle of the word. what is the best rationale for instructing them to finish the word rather than stopping in the middle?
avoidance of stuttering is counter-productive
in stuttering therapy, the procedure of pull out or in block modification is designed to
change the pattern of stuttering
in stuttering therapy, the purpose of the preparatory set is to:
A. replicate the moments of stuttering
B. remove stuttering to achieve natural fluency
C. sustain fluency after moments of stuttering
D. stress syllables in time to a regular, even rhythm
E. none of the above
E. none of the above
when employing a hierarchy for desensitization in stuttering therapy, the goal is to repeat the experience at each level over and over again until the emotionality is:
decreased
the most common reason for malingered stuttering is:
financial, legal or vocational gains
one of the three potential major objectives/goals of stuttering treatment is:
improved cognitive emotional adjustment
this approach has a goal to lessen the impact of overt stuttering and is sometimes known as “fluent stuttering”
managed stuttering
relapse management for stuttering may involve any of the following EXCEPT:
A. how to approach, understand, and solve related problems
B. handling stuttering moments with greater resilience
C. increasing speaking time with listeners who are perceived to be more patient
D. modifying self talk to strengthen self esteem
C. increasing speaking time with listeners who are perceived to be more patient
those who are expected to spend the largest percentage of time talking during fluency therapy sessions are:
the clients who sutter
the clinician quality of being authentic and genuine is also referred to:
self-congruence
in the initial parent interview concerning a preschool child who stutters, the question “when exactly did stuttering begin?” has the most direct implications to:
possible need for intervention
when addressing client self-awareness and self-monitoring, what is true?
specific feedback is better than general praise
the clients, especially adolescents and adults, need to be able to serve as their own therapist
which is not a major class of therapy applied with preschool children?
cognitive restructuring, such as rational-emotive therapy
some therapists encourage clients to produce deliberate, voluntary stuttering in public situations. the primary goal of such an exercise is:
to desensitize the client to negative emotional reactions
traditional “stuttering modification” approaches to fluency therapy usually involved 3 primary stages. in order, these stages are:
stuttering awareness, analysis, and modification
your text describes three major stuttering modification techniques as “post block modifications” “in block (or mid block) modifications” and “pre block modifications.” older terminology for these techniques, as used by their developer (charles van riper) is:
cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets
many SLPs find that helping a stuttering client achieve fluency in the therapy room with structured exercises is relatively easy. the bigger challenges to successful stuttering therapy are:
generalization and maintenance
the Lidcombe program:
is a therapy program for very young children & teaches family members how to reinforce fluency on a daily basis
the main reason for including parents in early childhood intervention is:
the immediate family typically constitutes an overwhelming portion of the child’s world
which intervention is the best example of a desensitization activity?
the practice of stuttering openly without tension
disfluency calculation formula
(D/N) x 100
according to research, the best predictor of spontaneous recovery from stuttering in young children is:
family history of recovery
based on data concerning the development of early childhood stuttering, which of the following factors should have the least influence on your decision to recommend speech therapy for a preschool age child at the early stage of the disorder:
the initial severity of stuttering
which of the following factors should have the most influence in predicting persistent or naturally recovered stuttering in a 3-year child who has just begun stuttering?
A. the child’s gender
B. the dominant type of disfluency
C. the time elapsed from the onset of the disorder
D. the initial stuttering severity
A. the child’s gender
among the various measures of repetition units, the best discriminator between a normally fluent child and a child who stutters is:
the frequency of multiple “long” repetitions, three units or more per 100 syllables
if a child has a family history of persistent stuttering, the child’s chance of matching this pattern is:
65%
three major measures of stuttering severity that most assessments aim to obtain are:
frequency of stuttering events, effort (or tension), and accessory behaviors
if a school aged child is bullied for his stuttering, how should it be approached?
staff/ parents must get involved and the child taught coping strategies
an instrumented method of facilitating fluent speech might be:
metronome pacing
frequency altered auditory feedback
delayed auditory feedback
a program wherein a client first learns to produce single words fluently, and then systematically progresses to two-word phrases, and then longer sentences and spontaneous utterances, is most associated with:
GILCU
the major current commercial assessment tool that looks at stutterers’ situational fears and communication attitudes is:
Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering by Yaruss & Quesal
Most commonly used evaluation instrument today, especially in schools?
Stuttering Severity Instrument-4 by Riley
despite the lack of complete cure for stuttering, indications are that speech therapy can
alter the brain activity of people who stutter
a child who stutters may often respond to teachers’ questions with “i don’t know” because of being:
afraid of stuttering in front of the class
comparing the overall nature of stuttering treatment between school age children and adults:
the objectives are the same, but the procedures are different
the LEAST common location for stuttering moments in speech contexts:
word final position
psychogenic stuttering mainly differs from developmental stuttering by this feature:
adult age of onset after excessive emotional stress
an initial evaluation of stuttering in adults should also routinely include an evaluation of voice parameters, such as:
voice quality and pitch variations
the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) identifies a speech or language impairment as a communication disorder that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. the criteria for determining eligibility are based on:
negative impact on academic, vocational, social, and/or extracurricular activities
many clinicians have observed that it is difficult for school age children to eliminate stuttering, or even make appreciable progress. the best explanation for this phenomenon is that:
children do not exhibit natural recovery at an earlier period represent a more resistant type of stuttering
NOT included as a fluency oriented therapy?
stuttering modification
one of the main problems which may arise when the pre block/ preparatory set modification technique is used in stuttering therapy is:
the occurrence of stuttering blocks which were not anticipated
identification techniques are essentially intended to:
raise the client’s awareness of the features of stuttered speech that need correction
the best description of “rational-emotive therapy (RET)” a form of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):
therapy focused on becoming more aware of irrational beliefs and negative self talk (about talking and stuttering), that are replaced by realistic perspectives and positive self talk
the two longest, most frequent types of speech samples collected with adolescents or adults who stutter are:
oral reading and spontaneous speech samples
