Fluency FINAL ?s Flashcards
individuals who stutter feature a number of brain structural aberrations. past research has reported aberrations that affect:
grey matter volume, white matter volume, gyri variations, white matter integrity
all people exhibit disfluencies in their speech. however, stutterers may be distinguished from non stutterers because in stutterers these behaviors
are greater in frequency
have an increased number of repetitions
have increased rates of repetition
cluster together with other disfluencies
stuttering as a speech behavior is defined by overt speech characteristics but stuttering as a complex speech disorder includes which of the following?
emotional responses
cognitive processes
social dynamics of stuttering
data on the occurrence of stuttering across the lifespan indicate that
the prevalence of the disorder is about 1% while its incidence is about 5% or higher
the biological factors that influence the incidence and prevalence of stuttering:
age
gender
family history
how can the pattern of “adaptation” in stutterers impact the result of an assessment?
stuttering is reduced on successive readings of a passage and could lead the evaluator to underestimate the frequency of stuttering
given the following words, which one, according to the patterns established by Spencer Brown and others, is most likely to elicit stuttering?
A. always
B. which
C. appearance
D. population
E. along
D. population
which is LEAST likely to exhibit stuttering?
speakers with hearing impairment
which might be a typical physical concomitant of stuttering?
eye blinking
tremors of face or jaw
head turns
unnecessary respiratory gasps
people who stutter typically produce stuttering-like disfluencies at what rate?
10% of words
several patterns have been observed regarding changes in the frequency and location of stuttering. the pattern which shows that a speaker will stutter on a word next to a word on which he has previously stuttering if the first word is removed from a reading passage, is called:
adjacency
what is the average length of a stuttered dysfluency?
1 sec
with some differences among physiological brain studies, the findings indicate that, compared with normally fluent speakers, PWS demonstrate?
greater activity in the right hemisphere cortex (grey matter)
the “demands and capacities” model of stuttering developed by adams and starkweather:
suggests that it arises when a child’s innate abilities cannot meet environmental expectations for cognitive, motoric, or linguistic skill
which of the following situations would you expect a stutterer to stutter most?
A. swearing
B. singing
C. whispering
D. explaining
D. explaining
in regards to stuttering, the term “core behaviors” refers to:
repetition and prolongation
one challenge to carefully defining stuttering is that
it is both a specific speech event and a complex disorder
regarding the usual meanings of the term “stutterings”
disfluency is a form of stuttering (but not the only form)
“stuttering-like” dysfluencies (or SLDs) generally include:
part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, blocks
stuttering onset and development are characterized by
heterogeneity in characteristics and severity
longitudinal studies of young children who stutter suggest that of all stutterers with onsets between ages 2 & 4 years, the number likely to naturally recover is about:
80%
an important clinical issue is trying to determine which young children who stutter are more likely to recover naturally and which are less likely to recover. one speech characteristic that appears to be predictive is:
children who markedly reduce the mean number of SLDs within 2 years of onset are more likely to recover
within speech samples of the same length, which of the following is most likely to be identified as the speech of a person who stutters? a sample containing:
six instances of single-syllable word repetition
the multifactorial, nonlinear, and dynamic theory of stuttering poses that:
stuttering events are not static, but are a dynamic and continuous process
even slight differences in some factors may upset the balance of the speech system
stuttering can’t be explained by a single factor and motor and language factors, and their interaction play a role in the development of stuttering
atypical and/or lagging development of speech-motor control processes are features of early stuttering