Fluency FINAL ?s

Question 1

individuals who stutter feature a number of brain structural aberrations. past research has reported aberrations that affect:

Answer 1

grey matter volume, white matter volume, gyri variations, white matter integrity

Question 2

all people exhibit disfluencies in their speech. however, stutterers may be distinguished from non stutterers because in stutterers these behaviors

Answer 2

are greater in frequency
have an increased number of repetitions
have increased rates of repetition
cluster together with other disfluencies

Question 3

stuttering as a speech behavior is defined by overt speech characteristics but stuttering as a complex speech disorder includes which of the following?

Answer 3

emotional responses
cognitive processes
social dynamics of stuttering

Question 4

data on the occurrence of stuttering across the lifespan indicate that

Answer 4

the prevalence of the disorder is about 1% while its incidence is about 5% or higher

Question 5

the biological factors that influence the incidence and prevalence of stuttering:

Answer 5

age
gender
family history

Question 6

how can the pattern of “adaptation” in stutterers impact the result of an assessment?

Answer 6

stuttering is reduced on successive readings of a passage and could lead the evaluator to underestimate the frequency of stuttering

Question 7

given the following words, which one, according to the patterns established by Spencer Brown and others, is most likely to elicit stuttering?
A. always
B. which
C. appearance
D. population
E. along

Answer 7

D. population

Question 8

which is LEAST likely to exhibit stuttering?

Answer 8

speakers with hearing impairment

Question 9

which might be a typical physical concomitant of stuttering?

Answer 9

eye blinking
tremors of face or jaw
head turns
unnecessary respiratory gasps

Question 10

people who stutter typically produce stuttering-like disfluencies at what rate?

Answer 10

10% of words

Question 11

several patterns have been observed regarding changes in the frequency and location of stuttering. the pattern which shows that a speaker will stutter on a word next to a word on which he has previously stuttering if the first word is removed from a reading passage, is called:

Answer 11

adjacency

Question 12

what is the average length of a stuttered dysfluency?

Answer 12

1 sec

Question 13

with some differences among physiological brain studies, the findings indicate that, compared with normally fluent speakers, PWS demonstrate?

Answer 13

greater activity in the right hemisphere cortex (grey matter)

Question 14

the “demands and capacities” model of stuttering developed by adams and starkweather:

Answer 14

suggests that it arises when a child’s innate abilities cannot meet environmental expectations for cognitive, motoric, or linguistic skill

Question 15

which of the following situations would you expect a stutterer to stutter most?
A. swearing
B. singing
C. whispering
D. explaining

Answer 15

D. explaining

Question 16

in regards to stuttering, the term “core behaviors” refers to:

Answer 16

repetition and prolongation

Question 17

one challenge to carefully defining stuttering is that

Answer 17

it is both a specific speech event and a complex disorder

Question 18

regarding the usual meanings of the term “stutterings”

Answer 18

disfluency is a form of stuttering (but not the only form)

Question 19

“stuttering-like” dysfluencies (or SLDs) generally include:

Answer 19

part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, blocks

Question 20

stuttering onset and development are characterized by

Answer 20

heterogeneity in characteristics and severity

Question 21

longitudinal studies of young children who stutter suggest that of all stutterers with onsets between ages 2 & 4 years, the number likely to naturally recover is about:

Answer 21

80%

Question 22

an important clinical issue is trying to determine which young children who stutter are more likely to recover naturally and which are less likely to recover. one speech characteristic that appears to be predictive is:

Answer 22

children who markedly reduce the mean number of SLDs within 2 years of onset are more likely to recover

Question 23

within speech samples of the same length, which of the following is most likely to be identified as the speech of a person who stutters? a sample containing:

Answer 23

six instances of single-syllable word repetition

Question 24

the multifactorial, nonlinear, and dynamic theory of stuttering poses that:

Answer 24

stuttering events are not static, but are a dynamic and continuous process
even slight differences in some factors may upset the balance of the speech system
stuttering can’t be explained by a single factor and motor and language factors, and their interaction play a role in the development of stuttering
atypical and/or lagging development of speech-motor control processes are features of early stuttering

Question 25

which of the following has provided strong evidence for a genetic component in the etiology of stuttering?

Answer 25

twin studies
family incidence
gene analysis

Question 26

bilingualism tends to;

Answer 26

have no reliable effect on the incidence of stuttering

Question 27

if you were deciding whether to label a child as one who stutters and put that child in therapy, a good (and commonly used) threshold for making that distinction would be:

Answer 27

more than 2-3% disfluency

Question 28

if a child begins stuttering at about age 3 and is still stuttering at age 10, how does that child’s chance of natural recovery compare to that of other children who began stuttering at the same age?

Answer 28

the child has a far smaller chance of recovery

Question 29

you develop a short term goal for a client who is working on easy onsets and maximizing continuous phonation. elements you should consider for this goal include:

Answer 29

the length and linguistic complexity of the utterances he is to produce
the communicative environment in which he practices his strategies
the communicative partners with which he interacts

Question 30

you suggest to your teenage client that he develop a personal research project about famous stutterers in history, and that he come describe this project to your clinic support group for stuttering children and their parents. this is a good way to address:

Answer 30

cognitive-affective concerns about being a stutterer

Question 31

the psychological quality that allows people afflicted by life adversities (such as those who stutter) to come back at least as strong as before.

Answer 31

resilience

Question 32

in psychological studies of stutterers, one psycho-emotional feature that may distinguish stutterers from normal speakers is that:

Answer 32

stutterers may show greater anxiety than speaker who do not stutter

Question 33

one possible explanation for the effects of delayed auditory feedback, noise, and other altered speech feedback on the fluency of stutterers is that:

Answer 33

altered feedback tends to slow speech and increase vocal intensity, thus facilitating fluency

Question 34

in addition to severity measures, most stuttering assessments seek info in at least 2 other areas. most commonly these are:

Answer 34

speaker’s attitudes toward speech/communication and speakers; situational difficulties

Question 35

rapid, sporadic, unorganized, and sometimes unintelligible speech is associated most often with:

Answer 35

cluttering

Question 36

neurogenic stuttering is diagnosed based on:

Answer 36

evidence of a neurological disorder or disease

Question 37

cluttering and developmental stuttering in school age children are best differentiated by:

Answer 37

self monitoring awareness of speech disfluency

Question 38

in a 2015 study, Spanish-English bilingual children produced which type of stuttering-like disfluencies at a rate that would be indicative of stuttering in monolingual English speaking children?

Answer 38

monosyllabic word repetitions

Question 39

in the traditional stuttering therapy, one rationale for pausing after instance of stuttering, when the “cancellation” modification technique is used, is to:

Answer 39

analyze the recent instance of stuttering

Question 40

when doing post block modification, the speaker often wants to shorten the stuttering block by stopping in the middle of the word. what is the best rationale for instructing them to finish the word rather than stopping in the middle?

Answer 40

avoidance of stuttering is counter-productive

Question 41

in stuttering therapy, the procedure of pull out or in block modification is designed to

Answer 41

change the pattern of stuttering

Question 42

in stuttering therapy, the purpose of the preparatory set is to:
A. replicate the moments of stuttering
B. remove stuttering to achieve natural fluency
C. sustain fluency after moments of stuttering
D. stress syllables in time to a regular, even rhythm
E. none of the above

Answer 42

E. none of the above

Question 43

when employing a hierarchy for desensitization in stuttering therapy, the goal is to repeat the experience at each level over and over again until the emotionality is:

Answer 43

decreased

Question 44

the most common reason for malingered stuttering is:

Answer 44

financial, legal or vocational gains

Question 45

one of the three potential major objectives/goals of stuttering treatment is:

Answer 45

improved cognitive emotional adjustment

Question 46

this approach has a goal to lessen the impact of overt stuttering and is sometimes known as “fluent stuttering”

Answer 46

managed stuttering

Question 47

relapse management for stuttering may involve any of the following EXCEPT:
A. how to approach, understand, and solve related problems
B. handling stuttering moments with greater resilience
C. increasing speaking time with listeners who are perceived to be more patient
D. modifying self talk to strengthen self esteem

Answer 47

C. increasing speaking time with listeners who are perceived to be more patient

Question 48

those who are expected to spend the largest percentage of time talking during fluency therapy sessions are:

Answer 48

the clients who sutter

Question 49

the clinician quality of being authentic and genuine is also referred to:

Answer 49

self-congruence

Question 50

in the initial parent interview concerning a preschool child who stutters, the question “when exactly did stuttering begin?” has the most direct implications to:

Answer 50

possible need for intervention

Question 51

when addressing client self-awareness and self-monitoring, what is true?

Answer 51

specific feedback is better than general praise
the clients, especially adolescents and adults, need to be able to serve as their own therapist

Question 52

which is not a major class of therapy applied with preschool children?

Answer 52

cognitive restructuring, such as rational-emotive therapy

Question 53

some therapists encourage clients to produce deliberate, voluntary stuttering in public situations. the primary goal of such an exercise is:

Answer 53

to desensitize the client to negative emotional reactions

Question 54

traditional “stuttering modification” approaches to fluency therapy usually involved 3 primary stages. in order, these stages are:

Answer 54

stuttering awareness, analysis, and modification

Question 55

your text describes three major stuttering modification techniques as “post block modifications” “in block (or mid block) modifications” and “pre block modifications.” older terminology for these techniques, as used by their developer (charles van riper) is:

Answer 55

cancellations, pullouts, and preparatory sets

Question 56

many SLPs find that helping a stuttering client achieve fluency in the therapy room with structured exercises is relatively easy. the bigger challenges to successful stuttering therapy are:

Answer 56

generalization and maintenance

Question 57

the Lidcombe program:

Answer 57

is a therapy program for very young children & teaches family members how to reinforce fluency on a daily basis

Question 58

the main reason for including parents in early childhood intervention is:

Answer 58

the immediate family typically constitutes an overwhelming portion of the child’s world

Question 59

which intervention is the best example of a desensitization activity?

Answer 59

the practice of stuttering openly without tension

Question 60

disfluency calculation formula

Answer 60

(D/N) x 100

Question 61

according to research, the best predictor of spontaneous recovery from stuttering in young children is:

Answer 61

family history of recovery

Question 62

based on data concerning the development of early childhood stuttering, which of the following factors should have the least influence on your decision to recommend speech therapy for a preschool age child at the early stage of the disorder:

Answer 62

the initial severity of stuttering

Question 63

which of the following factors should have the most influence in predicting persistent or naturally recovered stuttering in a 3-year child who has just begun stuttering?
A. the child’s gender
B. the dominant type of disfluency
C. the time elapsed from the onset of the disorder
D. the initial stuttering severity

Answer 63

A. the child’s gender

Question 64

among the various measures of repetition units, the best discriminator between a normally fluent child and a child who stutters is:

Answer 64

the frequency of multiple “long” repetitions, three units or more per 100 syllables

Question 65

if a child has a family history of persistent stuttering, the child’s chance of matching this pattern is:

Answer 65

65%

Question 66

three major measures of stuttering severity that most assessments aim to obtain are:

Answer 66

frequency of stuttering events, effort (or tension), and accessory behaviors

Question 67

if a school aged child is bullied for his stuttering, how should it be approached?

Answer 67

staff/ parents must get involved and the child taught coping strategies

Question 68

an instrumented method of facilitating fluent speech might be:

Answer 68

metronome pacing
frequency altered auditory feedback
delayed auditory feedback

Question 69

a program wherein a client first learns to produce single words fluently, and then systematically progresses to two-word phrases, and then longer sentences and spontaneous utterances, is most associated with:

Answer 69

GILCU

Question 70

the major current commercial assessment tool that looks at stutterers’ situational fears and communication attitudes is:

Answer 70

Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering by Yaruss & Quesal

Question 71

Most commonly used evaluation instrument today, especially in schools?

Answer 71

Stuttering Severity Instrument-4 by Riley

Question 72

despite the lack of complete cure for stuttering, indications are that speech therapy can

Answer 72

alter the brain activity of people who stutter

Question 73

a child who stutters may often respond to teachers’ questions with “i don’t know” because of being:

Answer 73

afraid of stuttering in front of the class

Question 74

comparing the overall nature of stuttering treatment between school age children and adults:

Answer 74

the objectives are the same, but the procedures are different

Question 75

the LEAST common location for stuttering moments in speech contexts:

Answer 75

word final position

Question 76

psychogenic stuttering mainly differs from developmental stuttering by this feature:

Answer 76

adult age of onset after excessive emotional stress

Question 77

an initial evaluation of stuttering in adults should also routinely include an evaluation of voice parameters, such as:

Answer 77

voice quality and pitch variations

Question 78

the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) identifies a speech or language impairment as a communication disorder that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. the criteria for determining eligibility are based on:

Answer 78

negative impact on academic, vocational, social, and/or extracurricular activities

Question 79

many clinicians have observed that it is difficult for school age children to eliminate stuttering, or even make appreciable progress. the best explanation for this phenomenon is that:

Answer 79

children do not exhibit natural recovery at an earlier period represent a more resistant type of stuttering

Question 80

NOT included as a fluency oriented therapy?

Answer 80

stuttering modification

Question 81

one of the main problems which may arise when the pre block/ preparatory set modification technique is used in stuttering therapy is:

Answer 81

the occurrence of stuttering blocks which were not anticipated

Question 82

identification techniques are essentially intended to:

Answer 82

raise the client’s awareness of the features of stuttered speech that need correction

Question 83

the best description of “rational-emotive therapy (RET)” a form of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT):

Answer 83

therapy focused on becoming more aware of irrational beliefs and negative self talk (about talking and stuttering), that are replaced by realistic perspectives and positive self talk

Question 84

the two longest, most frequent types of speech samples collected with adolescents or adults who stutter are:

Answer 84

oral reading and spontaneous speech samples