Neuro

Question 1

Brain functions to assess

Answer 1

Sensation
Vision, hearing
Language comprehension

Question 2

Damage to brain can cause?

Answer 2

Loss of function (dependent on area affected
Motor weakness
Paralysis
Loss of sensation (paresthesia)
Impaired ability to understand and process language

Question 3

Stroke Prevention nemonic

Answer 3

F- face drooping
A- Arm weakness
S- Speech difficulty
T- Time to call 911

Question 4

Sensory conduction transmits?

Answer 4

Pain
Temperature
Light touch
Crude touch
Position 
Vibration
Vaguely localized touch

Question 5

Pyramidal tract

Answer 5

skilled and purposeful movement

Question 6

Extrapyramidal tract

Answer 6

more primitive motor system—maintains muscle tone, controls body movement such as walking

Question 7

Cerebellar system

Answer 7

coordinates movement
maintains posture
maintains equilibrium

Question 8

Upper motor neuron disease

Answer 8

Within CNS
Stroke
Cerebral palsy
Multiple Sclerosis

Question 9

Lower motor neuron disease

Answer 9

Located within periphery (cranial nerves, spinal nerves)
spinal cord lesions
Poliomyelitis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 10

Reflexes are mediated by?

Answer 10

spinal nerve fibers

Question 11

Spinal nerve number

Answer 11

1. 31 pairs arise from spinal cord; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 2 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Contain both sensory and motor fibers
Nerves exit through roots
Sensory through posterior (dorsal) roots
Motor through anterior (ventral) roots

Question 12

Dermatomes

Answer 12

circumscribed skin area supplied from the spinal cord segment through particular spinal nerve

Question 13

Infants

Answer 13

movement directed primarily by primitive reflexes; these disappear with age

Increased process of myelination results in increased motor control
Sensation rudimentary at birth—need strong stimulation to create response in an infant

Question 14

Aging adult Subjective

Answer 14

Steady loss of neuron structure in brain and spinal cord
General loss of muscle bulk; loss of muscle tone in face, neck, around spine
	Decreased muscle strength
	Impaired fine coordination and agility
	Loss of sensation
	Pupillary changes
	Reaction time slows
	Touch, pain, taste, smell may diminish

Decreased cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption may cause dizziness, loss of balance with position changes

Question 15

Stroke belt

Answer 15

Southeast-Georgia, costal regions of North and South Carolina
40% higher than rest of US

Question 16

Dysarthria

Answer 16

difficulty forming words d/t motor function loss

Question 17

Dysphagia

Answer 17

difficulty swallowing

Question 18

Dysphasia

Answer 18

Can be receptive or expressive; difficulty with language comprehension or expression

Question 19

Environmental hazards

Answer 19

Insecticides
Organic solvents
Lead
Mercury

Question 20

Aging adult objective

Answer 20

Assess fall risk--> increased with diagnosis of stroke or dementia
gait
balance disorders
use of assistive devices
history of recent falls

Question 21

Flaccidity of muscles occurs with what type of neuron injury?

Answer 21

LMN lesion/injury

Peripheral

Question 22

Spasticity and rigidly of muscles occur with what type of neuron injury?

Answer 22

UMN (brain and spinal cord)

Central

Question 23

Paresis

Answer 23

Weakness , diminished strength

Question 24

Involuntary movements

Answer 24

Tics, tremors, fasciculation, myoclonus, chorea, and athetosis

Question 25

What to assess during muscle inspection and palpation?

Answer 25

Size Strength Tone Involuntary movements

Question 26

Cerebellar function assessment

Answer 26

``` Coordination RAM Finger-finger test Finger-to-nose test Heel-to-shin test Balance tests Gait Romberg ```

Question 27

Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 27

Slow, clumsy, sloppy responses during cerebellar assessment

Question 28

Dysmetria

Answer 28

Clumsy movement with overshooting the mark during finger-to-finger test

Question 29

Ataxia

Answer 29

Unsteady uncoordinated gait

Question 30

Positive rohmberg test

Answer 30

Loss of balance that occurs when closing the yes during standing. Occurs with cerebellar ataxia

Question 31

Tone

Answer 31

muscle resistance in passive movement

Question 32

Strength

Answer 32

Ability of muscle during contraction

Question 33

Spinothalamic tract tests

Answer 33

Pain--> alternate b/n pinprick and lounge blade and have pt describe as "sharp or dull" Light touch--> whip of cotton on arms, forearms, hands, chest, thighs, and legs

Question 34

Posterior (dorsal) column tract tests

Answer 34

``` Position (kinesthesia) Vibration Finely localized touch (stereogeneis) Tactile discrimination Stereognosis Graphesthesia Two-point discrimination Extinction Point location ```

Question 35

Stereognosis

Answer 35

Being able to identify object without looking

Question 36

Deep tendon reflex

Answer 36

4+ very brisk hyperactive w/ clonus 3+ Brisker than average, may indicate disease 2+ Average, normal 1+ Diminished, low normal, only occurs with reinforcement 0 no response

Question 37

Biceps reflex

Answer 37

C5-C6

Question 38

Triceps reflex

Answer 38

C7-C8

Question 39

Brachioradialis reflex

Answer 39

C5-C6

Question 40

Quadriceps reflex

Answer 40

Knee Jerk | L2 to L4

Question 41

Achilles reflex

Answer 41

L5 to S2