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Health Assessment > Ears Class notes > Flashcards

Ears Class notes Flashcards

1
Q

Overal function of ear

A

hearing; equilibrium

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2
Q

External ear terminates at?

A

tympanic membrane

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3
Q

Outer 1/3 of ear

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

Inner 2/3 ear

A

through temporal bone

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5
Q

TM separates

A

external and middle ear

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6
Q

Lymphatic drainage of external ear flow to the

A

parotid, mastoid, and superficial cervical

nodes

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7
Q

Middle ear description

A

Air-filled cavity inside temporal bone

Eustachian tube—connects middle ear with nasopharynx and allows passage of air.

Normally closed—opens with swallowing or yawning.

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8
Q

Middle ear: Three functions:

A

Conducts sound vibrations from outer to inner ear.

Protects inner ear by reducing sound amplitude.
Eustachian tube allows equalization of air pressure on each side of the TM so TM does not rupture.

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9
Q

Inner ear description & function

A

Contains bony labyrinth which holds sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing.

Cochlea—contains central hearing apparatus.

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10
Q

Function of hearing—3 levels

A

peripheral; brainstem; cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Peripheral level

A

Sound transmission

Vibrations converted into electrical impulses for analysis by the brain.

Electrical impulses conducted by the auditory portion of CN VIII to the brainstem

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12
Q

Brainstem function

A

binaural interaction—locating direction of sound in space—identifying the sound

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

interprets the meaning of the sound and begins the appropriate response.

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14
Q

Normal pathway of hearing is by

Alternative route is by

A

AC

BC

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15
Q

Conductive loss caused by

A

impacted cerumen; foreign body; perforated TM; pus/blood in middle ear; otosclerosis (↓ mobility of the ossicles).

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16
Q

Conductive loss can be treated by

A

increasing amplitude.

17
Q

Sensorineural (perceptive) loss caused by

A

patho of inner ear, CN VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex; gradual nerve degeneration that occurs with age.

18
Q

Three semicircular canals (labyrinth) in inner ear function

A

input to your brain about your position in space

19
Q

Inflamed labyrinth causes

A

vertigo-impaired signal to brain

20
Q

DC: infants & children

A

Eustachian tube shorter, wider, more horizontal—easier for pathogens from nasopharynx to get to the middle ear, causing otitis media

21
Q

Increased risk for middle ear infection:

A 
Absence of breastfeeding first 3 mo. of life
Exposure to secondhand smoke
Daycare attendance
Male sex
Pacifier use
Seasonality (fall, winter)
Bottle feeding in the supine position
22
Q

SD: ear symptoms–> must ask?

A

ask about recent URI, history of ear infections

23
Q

Otalgia

A

Ear pain that can arise from external or internal ear

24
Q

Otorrhea

A

Drainage from ear

can be purulent, sanguineous

25
Q

Tinnitus definition

A

Phantom sound

originates from within person

26
Q

Tinnitus causes

A

Cerumen impaction

Middle ear infection

other ear disorders

27
Q

First episode of OM that occurs within first 3 mo. of life increases risk

A

recurrent OM

28
Q

Infants at risk for hearing deficit are those who were/have:

A

Exposed to maternal rubella

Exposed to maternal ototoxic drugs in utero

Premature infants

Low birth weight infants

Trauma or hypoxia at birth

Congenital liver or kidney disease

29
Q

Children at risk for hearing deficit are those who have:

A 
Meningitis
Measles
Mumps
OM
Any illness with persistent high fever
30
Q

Incidence and severity of OM increased in indigenous children from

A

No. America, Australia, New Zealand, and Northern Europe.

31
Q

Aging adult changes

A

May have increased amount and drier cerumen, which become impacted

32
Q

Presbycusis definition and causes

A

hearing loss in 60% older than 65 years; gradual sensorineural loss caused by nerve degeneration in the inner ear

33
Q

OD: Clues to hearing loss

A

a) Lip reading
b) Frowns, leans forward to hear
c) Postures head to catch sound
d) Misunderstands questions
e) Frequently asks you to repeat questions
f) Acts irritable or startled when you raise your voice
g) Speech is garbled
h) Inappropriately loud voice
i) Flat, monotonous tone of voice

34
Q

Testing hearing acuity in infants and children:

A

With loud noise—

35
Q

Newborn hearing testing

A

startle (Moro) reflex; acoustic blink reflex

36
Q

Hearing testing in 3 to 4 mo:

A

acoustic blink reflex; Infant stops moving and appears to “listen”.

Stops sucking.

Quiets if crying.

Cries if quiet

37
Q

Hearing testing in 6-8 mo

A

Infant turns head to localize

38
Q

Hearing testing in preschool/school aged

A

Audiometry

Health Assessment (12 decks)

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