Neuro 4 - neoplasia

Question 1

consequences of increased ICP (3)

Answer 1

• compromised regional perfusion
• endothelial damage –> vasogenic edema
• cytotoxic edema

Question 2

consequences of hydrocephalus (2)

Answer 2

• choroid plexus tumors may occlude interventricular foramina or lateral apertures of 4th ventricle
• tumors of thalamus or mesencephalon may impinge upon mesencephalic aqueduct

Question 3

types of herniation (3) and consequence

Answer 3

• side to side (under falx cerebri)
• under tentorium cerebelli
• through foramen magnum
• compression of respiratory centers in brainstem may result in death

Question 4

what are clinical signs of altered brain tissue function due to

Answer 4

• size

- site

Question 5

what is included in gray matter

Answer 5

• neurons

- glia cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes)

Question 6

what is included in white matter

Answer 6

• myelinated axons

- glia cells (oligodendrocyes astrocytes)

Question 7

glial neoplasms

Answer 7

• astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma
• oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma
• mixed glioma (oligoastrocytoma)

Question 8

ependymal and choroid plexus tumors

Answer 8

• choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma

- ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma

Question 9

embryonal tumors

Answer 9

• primitive neuroectodermal tumors
• medulloblastoma
• PNET
• neuroblastoma
• ependymoblastoma
• thoracolumbar spinal tumor

Question 10

neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial neoplasms

Answer 10

• olfactory neuroblastoma
• gangliocytoma
• ganglioglioma

Question 11

meningeal neoplasms

Answer 11

-meningioma (primary)

Question 12

mesenchymal neoplasms

Answer 12

• lymphosarcoma

- neoplastic reticulosis

Question 13

tumors of peripheral nerves and nerve sheaths

Answer 13

schwanoma, malignant schwanoma

Question 14

astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma

Answer 14

• most common glial neoplasm
• aged dogs and cats
• gross: anywhere in brain, variable appearance/texture/demarcation
• histo: low grade (well-differentiated), medium grade (anaplastic), high grade (glioblastoma)

Question 15

oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma

Answer 15

• most common in dog in europe
• gross: anywhere in brain, periventricular origin, grow in ventricles, CSF dissemination, large, well-demarcated, gray or pink, soft, hemorrhage/edema
• histo: oligodendroglioma = well-differentiated, anaplastic = malignant/aggressive

Question 16

choroid plexus papilloma, carcinoma

Answer 16

• most common in dog
• gross 3rd/4th/lateral ventricles with potential for CSF dissemination, well-demarcated, gray/white to red, soft granular, cauliflower-like masses

Question 17

ependymoma and anaplastic ependymoma

Answer 17

• least common glial neoplasm
• gross: ventricular orientation, lateral ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, moderately well-demarcated, gray/pink, protruding into ventricles, CSF dissemination

Question 18

meningeal neoplasm - meningioma

Answer 18

• most common primary intracranial tumor of animals
• gross in dog: solitary, arachnoid origin, expansile growth with infiltration
• gross in cat: 40% multiple, arachnoid or tela choroid origin
• expansile growth, firm, gray/white plaque/nodule, well-demarcated

Question 19

classification of meningiomas

Answer 19

• meningothelial/syncytial
• fibroblastic
• transitional
• psammomatous
• microcystic
• angioblastic

Question 20

IHC of meningiomas

Answer 20

• vimentin predominantly positive
• epithelial membrane antigen
• cytokeratin
• sex steroid hormone receptors

Question 21

secondary tumors

Answer 21

• 30-50% of all CNS neoplasms
• extension from surrounding structures (carcinomas of ethmoid/nasal/paranasal sinuses, osteoma/osteosarc)
• hematogenous metastasis (mammary carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, hemangiosarc)