Neuro 4 - neoplasia Flashcards
consequences of increased ICP (3)
- compromised regional perfusion
- endothelial damage –> vasogenic edema
- cytotoxic edema
consequences of hydrocephalus (2)
- choroid plexus tumors may occlude interventricular foramina or lateral apertures of 4th ventricle
- tumors of thalamus or mesencephalon may impinge upon mesencephalic aqueduct
types of herniation (3) and consequence
- side to side (under falx cerebri)
- under tentorium cerebelli
- through foramen magnum
- compression of respiratory centers in brainstem may result in death
what are clinical signs of altered brain tissue function due to
- size
- site
what is included in gray matter
- neurons
- glia cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes)
what is included in white matter
- myelinated axons
- glia cells (oligodendrocyes astrocytes)
glial neoplasms
- astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma
- oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma
- mixed glioma (oligoastrocytoma)
ependymal and choroid plexus tumors
- choroid plexus papilloma and carcinoma
- ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma
embryonal tumors
- primitive neuroectodermal tumors
- medulloblastoma
- PNET
- neuroblastoma
- ependymoblastoma
- thoracolumbar spinal tumor
neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial neoplasms
- olfactory neuroblastoma
- gangliocytoma
- ganglioglioma
meningeal neoplasms
-meningioma (primary)
mesenchymal neoplasms
- lymphosarcoma
- neoplastic reticulosis
tumors of peripheral nerves and nerve sheaths
schwanoma, malignant schwanoma
astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma
- most common glial neoplasm
- aged dogs and cats
- gross: anywhere in brain, variable appearance/texture/demarcation
- histo: low grade (well-differentiated), medium grade (anaplastic), high grade (glioblastoma)
oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma
- most common in dog in europe
- gross: anywhere in brain, periventricular origin, grow in ventricles, CSF dissemination, large, well-demarcated, gray or pink, soft, hemorrhage/edema
- histo: oligodendroglioma = well-differentiated, anaplastic = malignant/aggressive
choroid plexus papilloma, carcinoma
- most common in dog
- gross 3rd/4th/lateral ventricles with potential for CSF dissemination, well-demarcated, gray/white to red, soft granular, cauliflower-like masses
ependymoma and anaplastic ependymoma
- least common glial neoplasm
- gross: ventricular orientation, lateral ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, moderately well-demarcated, gray/pink, protruding into ventricles, CSF dissemination
meningeal neoplasm - meningioma
- most common primary intracranial tumor of animals
- gross in dog: solitary, arachnoid origin, expansile growth with infiltration
- gross in cat: 40% multiple, arachnoid or tela choroid origin
- expansile growth, firm, gray/white plaque/nodule, well-demarcated
classification of meningiomas
- meningothelial/syncytial
- fibroblastic
- transitional
- psammomatous
- microcystic
- angioblastic
IHC of meningiomas
- vimentin predominantly positive
- epithelial membrane antigen
- cytokeratin
- sex steroid hormone receptors
secondary tumors
- 30-50% of all CNS neoplasms
- extension from surrounding structures (carcinomas of ethmoid/nasal/paranasal sinuses, osteoma/osteosarc)
- hematogenous metastasis (mammary carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, hemangiosarc)
