Male repro - misc structures Flashcards
spermatocyst
- cystic dilation of epididymal duct (accumulation of sperm)
- etiology: congenital deformity or acquired occlusion from trauma and onset of spermatogenesis
- sperm leaks out of duct into surrounding tissue –> inflammation
spermatic granuloma
- sperm outside epididymal duct
- sperm contain mycolic acid –> stimulates granulomatous inflammatory response
anomalies of epididymis
segmental aplasia: develop into spermatic granulomas
epididymitis
- inflammation of epididymis
- co-exists with orchitis
- canine distemper, brucella ovis in sheep
brucella ovis and epididymitis
- 90% of lesions in tail of epididymis
- low grade inflammatory response (tubular epithelium destroyed)
- sperm leaks out –> spermatic granuloma
- epididymal tail 4-5x normal size
- testicular degeneration secondary to sperm stasis
- signs: infertility, palpable lesions
inflammation of the spermatic cord
- funiculitis
- often follows open castration
- excessive granulation from tissue infection –> scirrhous cord (caused by extensive scarring) –> pigs from strep/staph infections
- verminous granulomas in spermatic cord of horses from strongyle larval migration
inflammation of seminal vesicles
- seminal vesiculitis in bulls (most common beef breeds)
- most common cause used to be brucella abortus
- arcanobacterium pyogenes causes suppurative inflammation
- infection sometimes ruptures into pelvis –> abscesses
atrophy of prostate
- senility
- castration –> shrinks in size, becomes firm due to replacement of smooth muscle by fibrous CT
prostatic hyperplasia occurrence
- male dogs 4-5yrs
- 60% of male dogs over 5 have some degree of it
clinical signs of prostatic hyperplasia
- constipation due to rectal pressure from enlarged gland
- difficulty in urination less common (no compression of urethra, slight pressure on bladder wall will cause urination - can have secondary urinary infections from urinary retention)
etiology of prostatic hyperplasia
- hormonal imbalance (doesn’t occur in castrated dogs)
- castration is curative
- estrogen (sertoli cell tumor, castrated male sleep eating subterranean clover)
gross findings in prostatic hyperplasia
- enlargement of gland on rectal palpation
- palpation: soft and fluctuant mass with fluctuant cyst
microscopic appearance of prostatic hyperplasia
- papillary protrusions into lumen
- cyst formation: glands dilated with fluid, epithelium flattened due to pressure
prostatits
- inflammation of the prostate
- sequela to hyperplasia in old dogs
- dogs: UTIs, inflammation of fluid in hyperplastic cyst, brucella canis
- bulls and boars with brucellosis
prostatic neoplasia info
- prostatic carcinoma is only prostatic neoplasm of importance in domestic animals
- neorplasia not as common in dog as hyperplasia
gross appearance of prostatic neoplasia
- usually unilateral
- extremely firm on rectal palpation (fibrous CT)
- can metastasize to regional lymph nodes and/or other organs (brain)
ventral frenulum
- fibrous CT attachment of the glans penis to the ventral aspect of the prepuce
- should separate normally at puberty but sometimes doesn’t
- persistent frenulum causes ventral deviation of penis upon attempted mating
prolapsed prepuce
- cattle (beef breeds)
- pendulous prepuce turns inside out exposing mucosal surface to outside
- inadequate muscle arrangements in prepuce
- prone to injury and infection
rupture of penis
- young bulls
- trauma: being bred too early
- rupture of tunics: severe bleeding of corpus cavernosum leading to hematoma into surrounding tunics
- hematoma observed dorsal to penis, anterior to scrotum, sometimes becomes infected
- severe adhesions may develop –> penile deviations
inflammation of the penis definitions
- gland and prepuce together = balanoposthitis
- inflammation of the glans = balanitis
- inflammation of the prepuce = posthitis
traumatic injury of penis
- acute inflammation
- important because it heals with stenosis of prepuce
- phimosis: penis cannot protrude through stenotic prepuce
- paraphimosis: protruding penis cannot retract into prepuce
- sequela: adhesions
chronic penile inflammation
- old dogs: copious prurulent exudate dripping from prepuce
- lymphocytic nodules develop under mucosa in response to chronic inflammation
- difficult to treat
campylobacter fetus and trichomonas infection of bulls and penile inflammation
- live in crypts of penis, spread to cows by breeding
- cause early abortions, infertility
ulcerative posthitis of sheep
- wether: poorly developed prepuce
- urine collects in prepuce
- bacteria break down urine to urea –> ammonia –> pH elevation –> irritation
bull penile tumors
- transmissible fibropapilloma: cauliflower-like growth
- virus etiology: young bulls, bovine papillomavirus-2
- can be transmitted to cow –> vaginal fibropapilloma
horse penile tumor
- squamous cell carcinoma
- locally invasive
- can metastasize to inguinal lymph nodes
dog penile tumor
- transmissible venereal tumor: spread to female or from female to male, transmitted by transfer of tumor cells (not virus)
- preputial tumors: squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, mast cell tumor, preputial gland adenoma
