Female repro - cervix, vagina/vulva

Question 1

cervical stenosis

Answer 1

• occurs from injury (laceration at parturition) –> epithelial surface denuded and scars over, infertility and dystocia in subsequent pregnancies
• extension of metritis or vaginitis

Question 2

rupture of vagina

Answer 2

• due to injuries at parturition

- pelvic fat may herniate into vaginal tear (may look like tumor)

Question 3

prolapsed vagina

Answer 3

• late in gestation
• vagina turns inside out due to weight/pressure of fetus
• urinary bladder may be trapped in vaginal prolapse
• feces/dirt collect on mucosal surface of prolapsed organ –> irritation

Question 4

tumefaction of vulva

Answer 4

enlarged, hyperemic, edematous vulva simulates animal in heat

Question 5

vulvovaginitis in swine

Answer 5

• immature prepubertal gilts come into heat

- cause: being fed corn infected with fusobacterium roseum that produces a mycotoxin (zearalenone)

Question 6

zearalenone and vulvovaginitis

Answer 6

• estrogenic action, causes external signs of heat
• may lead to vaginal prolapse, hyperemia, edema of vulva, teat enlargement
• fewer pigs delivered by sows fed it

Question 7

vaginal inflammation

Answer 7

• stratified squamous epithelium –> under estrogen stimulation it proliferates, matures, increases resistance to infection
• thickening of keratinized epithelium
• local production of lactic acid from glycogen –> lowers pH

Question 8

viral infection of vagina

Answer 8

• ex) infectious pustular vulvovaginitis of cattle
• etiology: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
• vaginal and respiratory forms seldom occur together in the herd
• spread by close contact or breeding, spreads rapidly

Question 9

clinical signs of viral vaginal infection

Answer 9

• early fever

- restlessness (twitching of tail)

Question 10

gross appearance of viral vaginal infection

Answer 10

• hyperemic and swollen vulva and vagina

- focal areas of necrosis - coalesce

Question 11

microscopic lesions of viral vaginal infection

Answer 11

epitheliotropic virus causes ulceration of mucosa, acute inflammation, and intranuclear, eosinophilic inclusion bodies

Question 12

necrotic vaginitis

Answer 12

• due to injury (parturition)

- infected by necrotizing bacteria

Question 13

vulva neoplasia

Answer 13

• irritation caused by UV light on nonpigmented skin (lower latitudes)
• squamous cell carcinoma of vulva (mare)

Question 14

genital fibroleiomyoma

Answer 14

• most common genital tumor of bitch (uncommon in other species)
• origin: smooth muscle wall of uterus, cervix, or vagina
• benign, can get quite large
• estrogen related in the bitch, not in other species (associated with ovarian follicular cysts/granulosa cell tumors, spayed females not affected, spaying reduces tumor size and prevents recurrence)

Question 15

gross appearance of genital fibroleiomyoma

Answer 15

• can become large (up to 4-5”), noninvasive
• firm due to fibrous CT
• project into lumen as polyps

Question 16

microscopic appearance of genital fibroleiomyoma

Answer 16

whorls of smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, collagen

Question 17

fibropapilloma of vulva (bovine)

Answer 17

• most common bovine vulva tumor (young animals)
• virus etiology, wart-like growth on mucus membrane
• rounded growth becomes papillary in appearance
• transmitted by breeding

Question 18

microscopic appearance of fibropapilloma of vulva

Answer 18

stratified squamous epithelium covering fibrous CT core (spontaneously regresses in 1-6 mo)

Question 19

tumors of cervix and uterus

Answer 19

• carcinoma of uterus (rabbits - metastasis to lung)
• carcinoma of cervix uncommon
• malignant lymphoma of uterus common in cattle

Question 20

transmissible venereal tumor of dogs

Answer 20

• first neoplasm transmitted experimentally
• transmitted at breeding by transfer of intact cells
• affects external genitalia of either sex
• worldwide, not virus associated
• tumor cells have abnormal karyotype
• usually self-limiting then immunity but can metastasize
• can lead to severe debilitation, deformity, death

Question 21

gross appearance of TVT

Answer 21

• arises in subcutaneous tissue (epidermis usually not involved)
• nodular masses in subcutis of genitalia and inguinal area
• tissue becomes necrotic

Question 22

microscopic appearance of TVT

Answer 22

• sheets of round cells with oval and indented nuclei
• many mitotic figures
• resembles histiocytoma
• more severe in immunosuppressed dogs