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Pathology 3 > Male repro - general, testes > Flashcards

Male repro - general, testes Flashcards

1
Q

fertility

A

ability to produce and deliver enough healthy sperm to fertilize ova (healthy sperm, adequate fluid, delivery system)

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2
Q

potency

A

ability to copulate (libido, physical ability)

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3
Q

what do disease of male repro tract interfere with

A
  • sermatogenesis
  • secretion of suitable fluid vehicle
  • deposition of spermatozoa in vagina
  • fertilization
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4
Q

general scrotum info

A
  • thin skin
  • apocrine sweat glands (thermal regulation)
  • testicular temp must be lower than body temp for spermatogenesis and fertility
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5
Q

scrotum dermatitis

A
  • pendulous and vulnerable to injury –> chronic injury can cause skin thickening with secondary alteration of thermoregulation
  • ruminants: dermatitis due to dermatophilus congolensis, besnoitia besnoiti, fungi, chorioptes bovis
  • frostbite
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6
Q

scrotum neoplasms

A
  • melanomas (gray horses)

- mast cell tumor, melanoma (dogs)

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7
Q

cryptorchidism

A
  • incomplete descent of one or both testes
  • all domestic species, most common in cat/horse
  • unilateral or bilateral (most unilateral R side in dogs)
  • inherited (dominant in horses, recessive in other species)
  • bilateral: sterile because of effect of heat on spermatogenesis - unilateral = decreased fertility
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8
Q

gross appearance of cryptorchid testicle

A
  • testis is small, firm, oddly shaped

- located from caudal pole of kidney to external inguinal ring (common site)

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9
Q

importance of cryptorchidism

A
  • infertility, further breeding not recommended
  • dog: predisposition to testicular neoplasia in undescended testis (sertoli cell tumor, seminoma)
  • gives horses mean disposition (high flanker horse)
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10
Q

testicular hypoplasia

A
  • arrest in testicular development
  • occurs in all species
  • failure to grow to normal size (due to small number, length, diameter of seminiferous tubules)
  • semen is watery with few or no spermatids
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11
Q

what is testicular degeneration

A
  • atrophy
  • most frequent cause of infertility in male animals
  • manifested as atrophy, mineralization, fibrosis
  • many causes
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12
Q

types of testicular degeneration

A
  • unilateral: local causes (pressure of local tumor or abscess, vascular occlusion)
  • bilateral: systemic causes
  • can occur in all species without indication of pathogenesis
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13
Q

etiology of testicular degeneration (list 10)

A
  • any adverse influence on general health
  • thermal degeneratio
  • local/systemic infection
  • poor nutrition
  • vascular
  • age
  • noxious agents
  • hormonal factors
  • sperm stasis
  • diabetes
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14
Q

thermal degeneration and testicular degeneration

A
  • elevated body temp (fever from disease)
  • excessive scrotal fat
  • high environmental temp
  • tunic adhesions prevent normal thermoregulation
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15
Q

poor nutrition and testicular degeneration

A

low energy, vitamin A deficiency, phosphorus deficiency, low protein

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16
Q

vascular issues and testicular degeneration

A
  • infarction by torsion
  • human intervention (crush castration)
  • strongyle larvae in horse (inflammation of spermatic artery)
17
Q

age and testicular degeneration

A

hyaline degeneration of arterial walls

18
Q

noxious agents and testicular degeneration

A
  • chemicals (chlorinated napthalene - cattle)
  • radiation
  • toxic plants (locoweed)
19
Q

hormonal factors and testicular degeneration

A
  • pituitary tumor

- estrogen in feed

20
Q

sperm stasis and testicular degeneration

A

occlusive problem in epididymis or vas deferens

21
Q

gross features of testicular degeneration

A
  • smaller than normal
  • acute phase: soft and flabby from loss of parenchyma
  • cut surface does not bulge
  • end stage: fibrosis (hard), mineralization
22
Q

microscopic features of testicular degeneration

A
  • vacuolation of spermatogonia
  • failure of development of spermatids
  • degenerate sertoli cells and spermatidic multinuclear giant cells
23
Q

semen evaluation in testicular degeneration

A
  • concentration (turbidity)
  • motility
  • live - dead stain
  • morphology of sperm
24
Q

etiology of orchitis

A
  • mostly caused by bacterial infection

- bacteria arrive via bloodstream (hematogenous) or direct penetration

25
Q

brucella abortus and orchitis

A
  • natural infection
  • acute orchitis (unilateral or bilateral)
  • swollen, hot, doughy on palpation
  • infarction occurs due to pressure on testicular vessels
  • degenerate seminiferous tubules
  • necrosis (yellow flecks of necrosis in parenchyma, coalesce to areas of liquefaction)
  • final outcome: put filled cavity with thick fibrous CT wall
26
Q

other bacteria causing orchitis

A

acranobacterium pyogenes

27
Q

brucella suis and orchitis

A

multiple abscesses, caseation, granulomas with giant cells

28
Q

horses and orchitis

A

salmonella abortus equi infection

29
Q

sheep and orchitis

A
  • corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
  • histophilus ovis
  • brucella mellitensis
30
Q

dogs and orchitis

A
  • common
  • usually accompanied by epididymitis –> usually extends from urinary bladder by reflux up ductus deferens
  • bite wounds
  • canine distemper virus
31
Q

tuberculosis and orchitis

A
  • causes epididymitis

- rare in most of US

Pathology 3 (11 decks)

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