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Pathology 3 > Female repro - general/ovaries > Flashcards

Female repro - general/ovaries Flashcards

1
Q

what initiate pathways of ovarian differentiation and development in early embryo

A

genes –> dax1 (promotes ovarian development, inhibits testicular development)

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2
Q

development of accessory genitalia in early embryo

A

gonad dependent –> all sexual development would be female if not prevented by testicular hormones

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3
Q

how an animal is classified as hermaphrodite

A

internal genitalia and gonads of both sexes –> one ovary and one testis, two ovo-testes

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4
Q

what makes an animal a pseudohermaphrodite (features)

A
  • both gonads are either ovary or testes
  • classified based on gonad type
  • accessory organs modified to opposite sex
  • common in pigs (hereditary)
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5
Q

what is a freemartin

A
  • bovine –> female heifer calf born twin with bull calf

- sterile

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6
Q

etiology of freemartin

A
  • fusion of placental vessels –> shared circulation (transfer of hematopoietic cells between fetuses)
  • gene products from cells of male fetus induce sertoli cells and seminiferous cordlike structures in ovaries of female twin
  • both x and y chromosomes are present in cells of freemartin (lymohocytes and RBC)
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7
Q

gross features of freemartin

A
  • gonad thin cord-like structure
  • epididymis absent
  • tubular genitalia ranges from cord to well-developed uterine horn
  • no communication of uterus to vulva
  • vestigial seminal vesicles present
  • hypoplastic vagina, vestibule, vulva
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8
Q

diagnosis of freemartinism

A
  • blood test (karyotype of lymphocytes for XY chromosomes)

- vaginal length measurement

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9
Q

spontaneous ovarian hemorrhage

A

spontaneous rupture of follicles causes mild hemorrhage that sometimes produces adhesions (can be severe in mares)

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10
Q

iatrogenic ovarian hemorrhage

A

manual expression of CL by means of rectal palpation (bleeding may be severe causing death)

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11
Q

parovarian cysts and cystic rete

A
  • cystic structures located around ocaries

- remnants of persistent wolffian ducts (mesonephric ducts)

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12
Q

what are anovulatory follicular cysts (intra-ovarian)

A
  • large fluid-filled cysts on ovaries
  • failure of mature follicle to ovulate
  • occurs postapartum in heavy producing mature dairy cows in winter months
  • unknown etiology
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13
Q

pathogenesis of anovulatory follicular cysts

A

pituitary gonadotropins not released in early estrus as normal –> mature follicle not exposed to ovulating/lutenizing action of LH –> no ovulation of lutenization

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14
Q

functionality of anovulatory follicular cysts

A
  • some functional
  • estrogen produced –> prolonged estrogenism
  • cow in constant heat –> nymphomania
  • majority are anestrus
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15
Q

gross appearance of anovulatory follicular cysts

A
  • ovary: large thin walled, fluid-filled cyst 1”+ in diameter, ovum absent, single or multiple, one or both ovaries
  • vulva: enlarged and edematous, increased mucus, mounting (constant heat)
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16
Q

what are lutenized cysts

A
  • insufficient or delayed release of LH during estrus

- ovulation does not occur –> theca undergoes partial lutenization

17
Q

gross appearance of lutenized cysts

A
  • fluid-filled cyst with luteal tissue around periphery
  • lack ovulation papilla
  • distinguished from cystic CL, which have ovulation papilla –> elliptical in cross section
18
Q

functionality of lutenized cysts

A
  • some are functional and produce progesterone over extended length of time
  • keep cow from normal cycling (anestrus)
  • initiates secretory endometrium (can lead to pyometra in cow)
19
Q

changes in other organs due to functional follicular cysts

A
  • all related to prolonged estrogenism
  • uterus (atonic, enlarged, doughy, cystic hyperplasia of endometrium)
  • cervix (excessive mucus)
  • vagina (edematous)
20
Q

swine cystic ovaries

A
  • common cause of infertility
  • multiple, sometimes large follicular cysts
  • irregular estrus cycles
  • high incidence when progesterone compounds used to regulate heat
  • lutenized cysts also occur (progesterone induces endometrial hyperplasia)
21
Q

equine cystic ovaries

A

cysts can develop during winter anestrus period but are usually non-functional

22
Q

dog/cat cystic ovaries

A
  • old age
  • follicular cyst (heat, swollen vulva, mammary hyperplasia)
  • estrogen causes development of fibroids (smooth muscle tumors in female tubular genital tract) - fibromyomas
  • retained CL (progesterone keeps animal out of heat, endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra)
23
Q

stromal tumors general info

A
  • not specifically gonadal

- fibroma, etc from CT in ovary

24
Q

sex cord tumors general info

A
  • tumors derived from follicle
  • specifically gonadal (from follicle)
  • granulosa-theca cell tumor (derived from stratum granulosum of follicle, CT from theca interna of follicle, or from luteal cells from CL, or combination of all 3)
25
Q

germ cell tumors general info

A
  • germ cells are primordial cells (earliest trace of structure within embryo)
  • dysgerminoma, teratoma
26
Q

surface epithelial tumors from ovarian surface epithelium (general info)

A

cyst adenomas and carcinomas

27
Q

general features of ovarian tumors

A
  • occur in older animals
  • often bilateral in the dog
  • usually unilateral in cow/horse
28
Q

occurrence of granulosa-theca cell tumor

A
  • derived from follicle
  • older animals (cow, mare, dog)
  • unilateral
  • benign
29
Q

gross appearance of granulosa-theca cell tumor

A
  • surface is smooth
  • cut surface is solid or cystic
  • can get quite large
30
Q

microscopic appearance of ganulosa-theca cell tumor

A
  • granulosa cells (rosette formation, presence of call-exner bodies)
  • fibroblastic cells (thecal cell tumor)
  • luteal cells (luteal cell tumor)
  • all may be seen in different areas of the same tumor
31
Q

function of granulosa-theca cell tumor

A
  • often function (secretes estrogen, testosterone in some horses - luteal cells produce progesterone)
  • mare: anestrus, continued estrus, or stallion-like behavior - atrophy of other ovary
  • cow: prolonged estrus
  • bitch: cystic and endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra
32
Q

dysgerminoma info

A
  • tumor of germinal cell origin (oocytes)
  • occurs in dog, cow, sow
  • gross appearance like seminoma of testis (smooth, white, soft, friable)
  • microscopic appearance: like seminoma of testis (large anaplastic cells, high mitotic index, lymphocytes)
  • nonfunctional
  • metastases in 10-20% of bitches
33
Q

teratoma info

A
  • germinal cell origin (rare)
  • arise from single germ cell having undergone first meiotic division
  • tumor composed of more than one germ layer
  • bulls, sows, cows, mares
  • well-differentiated, benign
  • microscopically can see hair, neural tissue, CT, cartilage
34
Q

ovarian adenoma/carcinoma info

A
  • arise from surface epithelium of ovary
  • primarily in dogs
  • can be either benign or malignant
35
Q

gross findings of ovarian adenoma/carcinoma

A
  • bilateral-rough surface
  • proliferate out of ovarian bursa
  • implant on peritoneum
  • metastases plug lymphatics through the diaphragm and therefore abdominal cavity filled with fluid (ascites)
36
Q

microscopic features of ovarian adenoma/carcinoma

A
  • cystic - cystadenomas - low cuboidal epithelium lining cyst
  • cystic with papillary protrusions into lumen - papillary cystadenoma - papillary cystadenocarcinoma if malignant
37
Q

hydrosalpinx

A
  • distention of oviduct with fluid
  • obstruction of tube –> developmental problems (white heifer disease), trauma/inflammation (rectal palpation, expression of CL)
38
Q

salpingitis

A
  • inflammation of oviduct
  • ascends from uterine infection
  • trauma
  • may progress to adhesions, obstruction, infertility
39
Q

pyosalpinx

A
  • filled with pus (follows uterine infection)

- wall thickened with inflammatory cells (can lead to peritonitis)

Pathology 3 (11 decks)

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