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Pathology 3 > Female repro - uterus > Flashcards

Female repro - uterus Flashcards

1
Q

uterine torsion

A
  • twisting or rotation of a part along its axis
  • affects pregnant uterus (cattle esp)
  • rotates cervix –> outcome depends on degree of rotation (circulatory problems)
  • sequela –> ruptured uterus (fetus can enter abdomen and become mummified, if cervix is open fetus putrefies)
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2
Q

uterine prolapse/eversion

A
  • cow and ewe
  • decreased uterine tone (hypotony) –> often associated with hypocalcemia (prolonged dystocia, retained placenta)
  • uterus turned partially inside out
  • complete eversion of uterus (intestine, uterine horn, bladder inside prolapsed horn –> necrosis)
  • death, shock, hemorrhage, loss of fluid/body heat
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3
Q

uterine rupture

A
  • seldom spontaneous –> torsion, prolonged dystocia, obstetrical procedures
  • most fatal (hemorrhage, secondary peritonitis)
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4
Q

hyperemia and edema

A
  • severe at estrus - bitch at proestrus (diapediis –> bleeding from intact vessel)
  • hyperemia associated with inflammation
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5
Q

uterine hemorrhage

A
  • dog/cat: normal hemorrhage at periphery of placentation
  • following torsion, uterine eversion
  • due to endometrial hyperplasia
  • due to neoplastic conditions
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6
Q

endometrial atrophy

A
  • loss of trophic ovarian function
  • senility (old dogs)
  • following ovariectomy
  • in disorders of sexual development
  • normal in mare during winter anestrus
  • endometrium is flattened, underlying stroma is condensed and contains inactive glands
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7
Q

etiology of endometrial hyperplasia in species other than the dog

A
  • produced by prolonged estrogenism

- functional ovarian follicular cyst or granulosa cell tumor

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8
Q

dogs and endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • occurs with estrogen coupled with prolonged progesterone
  • hormonal activity by ovarian tumors may lead to it
  • most ovaries in dogs with it contain normal CL
  • develops during long luteal phase
  • not a pre-cancerous change but irreversible
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9
Q

pathogenesis of canine endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • estrogen binds to estrogen receptors in endometrial epithelial cells and induces formation of intracellular progesterone receptors
  • progesterone causes secretion by endometrial glands
  • timing/duration of estrogen priming important
  • bacteria almost always present
  • drug induced progesteronism (used to keep dogs out of heat)
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10
Q

gross appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • uterine glands become hyperplastic and hypersecretory

- dog: uterine mucosa thickened, grossly visible cysts with clear watery content

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11
Q

microscopic appearance of cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • hyperplasia of surface epithelium
  • hyperplasia of glandular epithelium (papillary protrustions into lumen)
  • glands dilated - filled with fluid
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12
Q

conditions that follow cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • hydrometra (excess fluid in uterine lumen)
  • mucometra (mucoid material in lumen)
  • pyometra (uterus contains pus)
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13
Q

adenomyosis

A
  • benign condition characterized by in-growth of endometrium in myometrium
  • occurs in bitch, queen, cow
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14
Q

endometriosis

A
  • endometrium located outside the uterus

- occurs only in animals with menstrual cycle (nonhuman primates, women)

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15
Q

what does most uterine inflammation begin as

A

endometritis (inflammation of innermost layer of uterus –> endometrium)

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16
Q

estrogen v progesterone in uterine infections-

A
  • uterus under estrogen: resistant to infection (increased motility - physical clearance, neutrophil migration)
  • uterus under progesterone: susceptible to infection (increased secretion, immunosuppressant substances that inhibit lymphocytes
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17
Q

postpartum uterine infection occurrence

A

after abnormal birth (twins, abortion, retained placenta, dystocia)

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18
Q

causes of postpartum uterine infections

A
  • lochia (fluid in uterus after parturition)
  • organisms enter through cervix
  • streptococci (horses)
  • arcanobacterium oyogenes, e coli (cattle)
  • clostridium
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19
Q

progression of uterine involution

A
  • varies with species
  • mare: 9 days
  • cow: caruncles dequamate in 10 d, endometrial epithelial repair done by day 50
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20
Q

what diminishes uterine tone

A
  • excessive stretching (twins) - hydrops
  • general debilitation
  • absorption of toxins
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21
Q

what is endometritis

A
  • inflammation of endometrium
  • uterine mucosa only –> sometimes caused by mild infection
  • mildest forms occur as post breeding infections (tritrichomonas foetus, campylobacter, tayorella equigenitalis)
  • may cause early embryonal death
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22
Q

gross appearance of endometritis

A
  • opacity of mucus

- dark red mucosa

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23
Q

microscopic appearance of endometritis

A
  • leukocytes in mucosa

- neutrophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes in lamina propria

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24
Q

what is metritis

A
  • inflammation of entire uterine wall

- all layers of uterine wall inflamed - usually immediately after parturition

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25
Q

features of metritis

A
  • wall is flaccid and atonic
  • wall thickened with edema fluid, friable
  • serosa has hemorhage, fibrin tags
  • content - scant or abundant, malodorous, yellow to red-black
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26
Q

microscopic lesions of metritis

A
  • suppurative inflammation with edema, leukocyte infiltration
  • hemorrhage and necrosis of endometrium
  • thrombosis of vessels
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27
Q

sequela of metritis

A
  • death (toxemia)
  • pyemia (pus in blood –> endocarditis)
  • salpingitis
  • chronic metritis and endometritis
  • pyelonephritis
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28
Q

chronic metritis and endometritis

A
  • sequela of metritis
  • plasma cell accumulations and fibrosis in submucosa
  • lamina propria replaced by granulation tissue
  • cystic glands
  • common cause of early embryonal death in older mares
  • diagnosis by endometrial bx
29
Q

endometritis and metritis

A
  • endometritis usually not from extension of metritis

- usually from uterine perforation caused by poor placement of infusion pipette, forced fetal extraction

30
Q

what is pyometra

A
  • acute or chronic suppurative inflammation of the uterus with accumulations of pus in the lumen
  • cervix is either partially or completely closed
  • cow, dog
31
Q

causes of pyometra

A
  • mechanical: scarred due to injury at birth or from iatrogenic causes –> fibrosis, cervical stenosis
  • anomalies: segmental aplasia
  • physiological cervical obstruction (most common): cervix partially closed –> requires influence of progesterone from functional or retained CL
32
Q

pyometra of cow

A
  • pre-existing uterine infection, course altered due to progesterone
  • uterine infection causes reduction of PGF2a (luteolytic) –> retained CL
  • retained CL produces progesterone –> uterus more susceptible to infection –> cervical closure, no myometrial contractions
33
Q

clinical and gross features in cow pyometra

A
  • usually in postpartum cow
  • retained CL
  • cervix partially closed (no cervical mucus plug)
  • pus in vagina
  • cow not sick or febrile
  • uterus somewhat swollen and flaccid (contains pus)
  • not usually life threatening
34
Q

when does pyometra of dog/cat occur

A
  • infected inflammations superimposed upon cystic endometrial hyperplasia subsequent to prolonged hormonal imbalance
  • many cases occur during pseudopregnancy
35
Q

pathogenesis of canine/feline pyometra

A
  • functional CL: produces cystic endometrial hyperplasia, increased secretion of uterine glands
  • progesterone makes uterus susceptible to infection
  • cervix functionally or partially closed
  • link to bacterial infectiob
36
Q

clinical signs of canine/feline pyometra

A
  • older animal (over 6)
  • acute disease –> vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, PU/PD, vaginal discharge
  • pendulous abdomen from pus in uterus
  • leukocytosis
  • vaginal discharge
37
Q

gross appearance of canine/feline pyometra

A
  • severely distended uterus
  • serosal surface congested and black
  • wall is friable –> uterine rupture, peritonitis
  • secondary infections
38
Q

microscopic features of canine/feline pyometra

A
  • cystic endometrial hyperplasia
  • inflammation superimposed (lumen filled with neutrophils, neutrophils in endometrium, plasma cells/lymphocytes in lamina propria)
39
Q

sequelae of canine/feline pyometra

A
  • death from toxemia
  • intermittent bacteria
  • myeloid hyperplasia of bone marrow
  • membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
  • polyuria
40
Q

pyometra of mare

A
  • most but not all follow postpartum infections
  • most continue to cycle during dz (may be irregular)
  • hormonal influences not important
  • weight of pus in uterus may keep it from emptying
  • endometrial damage decreases PGF2a
  • streptococci
41
Q

early embryonal death info

A
  • embryo: first trimester of pregnancy
  • common in most species (fertilized ova degenerate, reabsorbed, discharged)
  • prolonged time between estrus cycles
42
Q

etiology of early embryonal death

A
  • embryo chromosomal abnormality
  • mild uterine infection
  • viral infection
  • unknown (most common)
43
Q

what is a fetus defined as

A

later stage of development after skeletal ossification (2nd or 3rd trimester)

44
Q

abortion

A

expulsion of the fetus prior to time of expected viability

45
Q

stillbirth

A

dead fetus delivered within a time of expected viability

46
Q

fetal death in monotocous animals (one offspring per litter)

A
  • early fetal death: incomplete resorption

- late fetal death: expulsion

47
Q

fetal death in polytocous animals (large litters)

A
  • if all fetuses die at same time: abortion

- if few die: mummification (others live until term)

48
Q

fetal mummification

A
  • in utero desiccation of dead fetus
  • often in pigs (cows - fetus retained indefinitely)
  • bacterial infection not present
  • gross: fetus dark brown and leathery, membranes may be tightly adhered
  • cervix closed up until time of expulsion
  • no long term adverse effects on breeding
49
Q

fetal maceration

A
  • in utero putrefaction of dead fetus
  • depends on bacterial infection of low virulence - endometrtitis
  • some of fluid of maceration absorbed
  • remaining tissue expelled
  • CL regressed, cervix open
  • dystocia, incomplete abortion
50
Q

emphysematous fetus

A
  • dead fetus in utero infected by gas forming bacteria
  • bacteria usually enter through cervix
  • usually occurs near term - dystocia, cervix open
  • fetus distended with gas
  • often fatal to damn
51
Q

when does intercodyledonary placentation develop

A

when size and numbers of regular placentomes are insufficient

52
Q

deficiency/damage to placentation

A
  • deficiency on dam’s endometrial side of placenta (caruncle)
  • damage usually due to infection
53
Q

compensation in placentation

A
  • increase in size of remaining caruncles, may fuse
  • new caruncles develop between larger ones
  • placental attachments to new caruncles are insecure and pregnancy ends in abortion/hydroallantois
54
Q

what is hydramnios/hydrallantois

A
  • hydramnios: hydrops of the amnion
  • hydrallantois: hydrops of the allantois
  • accumulation of excessive fluid and edema in fetal membranes combined with fetal anascara (generalized infiltration of edema fluids into SQ CT)
  • cows only
55
Q

what are hydramnios and hydrallantois due to

A
  • hydramnios: fetal malformation

- hydrallantois: adventitial placentation

56
Q

what do hydroamnios/hydrallantois lead to

A
  • dystocia
  • uterine paralysis
  • retained placenta
  • acute metritis
57
Q

amniotic plaques

A
  • placenta slowly degenerates throughout normal pregnancy
  • focal areas of squamous metaplasia on internal surface of amnion and on umbilical stump
  • flat and discrete
  • commonly mistaken for placental lesions
  • amniotic plaques found in normal placenta
58
Q

serosal cysts

A
  • thin fluid-filled cysts on serosal surface of uterus
  • seen in postpartum bitch/cow
  • retention cyst from pinched off segments of serosal epithelium (occurs during involution of postpartum uterus)
59
Q

fetal lung and bacterial abortion

A

bronchopneumonia (brucellosis, acranobacterium pyogenes)

60
Q

placenta and bacterial abortion

A
  • placentitis
  • yellowing –> necrosis
  • blood-tinged cotyledons and inter-cotyledonary areas
  • thickened placental membranes (opaque)
61
Q

liver and bacterial abortion

A
  • focal hepatic necrosis
  • listeriosis: cattle, 1-2mm focal pale areas in liver (gram + rods)
  • campylobacter fetus subsp fetus: sheep, 1cm necrotic areas in liver
62
Q

heart and bacterial abortion

A

pericarditis as evidenced by thick pericardium containing fibrin strands

63
Q

abdominal cavity and bacterial abortion

A

fibrin strands suggest peritonitis

64
Q

mycotic abortion

A
  • placenta: severely thickened and necrotic placental membranes (placentitis and placental necrosis)
  • skin: focal dermatitis
  • lung: bronchopneumonia
65
Q

liver and viral abortions

A
  • multifocal necrosis, 1mm pale foci

- IBR, equine rhinopneumonitis virus, pseudorabies

66
Q

viral abortions and early embryonic death

A
  • BVD virus

- porcine parvovirus

67
Q

viral abortions and embryonal developmental arrests

A

cerebellar hypoplasia (BVD, hog cholera, feline panleukopenia)

68
Q

examples of protozoal abortion

A
  • toxoplasma gondii (sheep)

- neospora caninum (cattle, dog)

69
Q

lesions in protozoal abortion

A
  • non-suppurative encephalitis and meningitis
  • non-suppurative myositis and myocarditis
  • mineralization of the placenta (small white foci of mineral)
  • prozotoal cysts hitologically

Pathology 3 (11 decks)

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