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A & P 2 > Neuro 3: spinal cord and brain > Flashcards

Neuro 3: spinal cord and brain Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord is the center of what

A

spinal reflexes

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2
Q

what does spinal cord transmit

A

nerve impulses btw PNS & CNS

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3
Q

What does the reflex arc consist of

A
  1. stimulus (input)
  2. integration/ modulation (interneuron)
  3. Response (effector motor output neuron)
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4
Q

Where is foramen magnum

A

cranium

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5
Q

Where is conus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord between L1and L2

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6
Q

What length does spinal cord travel

A

from foramen magnum (cranium) to the conus medullaris

-~0.5 - 1 m in length

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7
Q

What anchors spinal cord in place

A

Denticulate ligament

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8
Q

What is the Filum Terminale of spinal cord

A

-a fibrous extension that originates frm the PIA mater of the conus medullaris & attaches to the posterior facet of the coccyx

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9
Q

What is the Cauda Equina (Horses tail)

A

End of the spinal cord

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10
Q

Where is a spinal tap done in spine

A

btw L4-L5

-low risk of damaging spinal cord

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11
Q

Why is spinal tap done

A

assess for certain diseases like meningitis

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12
Q

Where is the Epidural space

A

btw vertebrae & spinal Dural sheath

-filled with fat that absorbs shock & isolates the spinal cord

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13
Q

How many nerves emerge from the spinal cord and from where

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

  • Cervical (8)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccygeal (1)
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14
Q

What are the 2 enlargements in the spinal cord where the upper and lower appendages are represented

A
  • cervical enlargement

- Lumbar enlargement

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15
Q

What separates the spinal cord into left & right

A
  1. Posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
  2. Anterior (ventral) median fissure
    - anterior sulcus is wider
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16
Q

What is White Matter

A

-called a funiculus (columns)
-named after its position:
2 posterior (dorsal)
2 lateral
2 anterior (ventral) columns

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17
Q

What is Gray Matter

A
  • called horns
  • shaped like butterfly or H
  • gray commissure (location where 2 objects join) ensures communication btw the 2 sides: 2 dorsal, 2 lateral horns, 2 ventral
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18
Q

What type of neurons are in Dorsal Horn

A

all interneurons

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19
Q

what type of neurons are in Lateral horn

A

motor neurons of sympathetic nervous system, serving viscera

-ventral horn: mainly somatic motor neurons, some interneurons

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20
Q

Where are the Ascending pathways

A

external / on the periphery of spinal cord

-sensory, afferent

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21
Q

where is the Descending pathways

A

internal in spinal cord

-motor, efferent

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22
Q

What is the medulla

A

it is a waystation for ascending and descending tract systems and is highly myelinated

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23
Q

What do some groups scattered throughout the medulla do

A

play roles in sensory system

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24
Q

What does the autonomic reflex center of the medulla do

A
  • maintains homeostasis

- houses the cardiovascular center, respiratory center

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25
Q

What happens when you get a lesion on the medulla

A

= “locked in syndrome”

  • all muscles are paralyzed except eye muscles
  • consciousness is intact
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26
Q

What are 6 features of the medulla

A
  • solitary nucleus
  • pyramids
  • medial leminiscus
  • internal arcuate fibers
  • nucleus gracillis and cuneatus
  • inferior olive
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27
Q

What is the other name of the medulla

A

myelencephalon

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28
Q

What is the solitary nucleus of medulla

A
  • the nucleus is embedded in the solitary tract

- involved in gustation

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29
Q

What are pyramids of medulla

A

-voluntary motor movement

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30
Q

what are internal arcuate fibers of medulla

A

-fibers of decussation

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31
Q

what is nucleus gracillis and cuneatus

A

-nuclei of proprioception (kinesthesia; body ability to sense movement, action, location) of lower and upper appendages

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32
Q

What is inferior olive of medulla

A

-motor coordination

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33
Q

What is the medial leminiscus of medulla

A

tract carrying proprioceptive ( sense of self-movement and body position) information

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34
Q

Why is it that damage to tract (or brain) above the medulla will affect the opposite side of the body

A

because medulla is point of decussation (crossing over of information) for the pyramids and the medial leminiscus

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35
Q

What is the Pons

A
  • structure that bridges inputs and outputs with the cerebrum and cerebellum
  • translates as “bridge”
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36
Q

What is another name for the Pons

A

metencephalon

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37
Q

what are 3 features of the Pons

A
  1. superior Olive
  2. Cranial nerve nuclei
  3. Pontine Reticular formation
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38
Q

What is the superior Olive of the Pons

A

auditory processing pathway

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39
Q

What is cranial nerve nuclei of the pons

A 
abducens
auditory
facial
trigeminal
vestibular
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40
Q

what is pontine reticular formation

A

sleep and wakefulness / arousal

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41
Q

What is structure of cerebellum

A
  • translates as “the little brain”
  • has 3 lobes
  • right and left hemispheres separated by structure called vermis
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42
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A
  1. anterior lobe
  2. posterior lobe
  3. flocculonodular lobe
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43
Q

what does the anterior lobe of the cerebellum do

A

coordinates movement

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44
Q

what does the posterior lobe of the cerebellum do

A

coordinates movement

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45
Q

what does the flocculonodular lobe do

A
  • communicates w/ the internal ear

- equilibrium organs

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46
Q

what are the 4 functions of the cerebellum

A
  • fine motor movement
  • procedural memory
  • balance
  • aspects of speech and language
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47
Q

What are the 3 layers of cerebellar cortex in order from outside to inside

A
  1. Molecular
  2. Purkinje layer
  3. Granule layer
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48
Q

what does molecular layer of the cerebellum contain

A

parrallel fibers and stellate

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49
Q

What does the purkinje layer of cerebellum contain

A

-large purkinje cells

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50
Q

What does the granule layer of the cerebellum contain

A

-small granule cells and fibers

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51
Q

How many tract systems bring input and output to the cerebellum

A

3 tract systems

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52
Q

what are the 3 tract systems into/out of the cerebellum

A
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle
  • middle cerebellar peduncle
  • superior cerebellar peduncle
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53
Q

what info does the inferior cerebellar peduncle handle

A

input from medullar and spinal cord

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54
Q

what info does the middle cerebellar peduncle handle

A

input from the pons

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55
Q

what info does the superior cerebellar peduncle handle

A
  • output of cerebellum to the thalamus
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56
Q

What is the midbrain

A

a multi-modal hub of interaction

- vision, hearing, and movement converge here

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57
Q

what is another name for the midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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58
Q

How many sections can the midbrain be separated into at its greatest size

A

3 sections

  • Tectum
  • Tegmentum
  • Crus
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59
Q

What is Tectum section of midbrain

A
  • upper portion

- visual and hearing reflex sensations

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60
Q

what is tegmentum section of midbrain

A
  • middle portion

- reward system

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61
Q

what is Crus section of midbrain

A
  • lower portion

- white matter conduction

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62
Q

What are 6 features of midbrain

A
  • Corpora Quadigemina “the 4 bodies” on the superior surface
  • Red nucleus
  • Nuclei involved on the light reflexes
  • substantia nigra “ black substance”
  • ventral tegmental area
  • Raphe nuclei
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63
Q

What is the corpora quadrigemina “the 4 bodies” on the superior surface of the midbrain

A 
2 superior colliculi
-visual light reflex
-saccadic eye movements
2 inferior colliculi
-auditory relay
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64
Q

what is red nucleus of midbrain

A
  • motor coordination

- lesion produces Holmes tremor

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65
Q

what is nuclei involved on the light reflexes of midbrain

A
  • oculomotor nucleus
  • nucleus of the posterior commissure (consensual light reflex = both pupils constricting at the same time)
  • edinger-westphal nucleus (pupil constriction)
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66
Q

What is substantia nigra “black substance”

A

broken down into multiple parts:

  • Compacta: DOPAMINE and is involved in reward
  • Reticulata: Inhibition of dopamine & suppression of motor movements
  • depletion of the compacta is seen in Parkinson’s disease
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67
Q

What is ventral tegmental area of midbrain

A
  • dopamine secretions

- involved in addiction

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68
Q

What is Raphe nuclei of midbrain

A

-serotonin creating nucleus

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69
Q

What are the 3 structures that make up thalamus / diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus (master integrator)
  2. Hypothalamus (hormone regulation, emotion)
  3. Epithalamus (Pineal) (circadian rhythm = biological clock)
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70
Q

The thalamus is the largest portion of what

A

the diencephalon ~ 80%

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71
Q

What are the functions (7) of the 12 nuclear groups of the thalamus

A
  • sense of timing
  • learning
  • motor skills
  • sensory integration
  • memory
  • cortical arousal
  • personality
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72
Q

Hypothalamus is made up of many nuclei what are 4 of them

A
  1. VMH (ventromedial hypothalamus)
  2. Mammillary bodies
  3. Infundibulum
  4. center for regulation of physical functions playing a role in homeostasis
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73
Q

What is function of VMH

A

eating

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74
Q

what is function of mammillary bodies

A

relay for the emotional circuit

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75
Q

what is function of infundibulum

A

stalk connecting the hypothalamus to pituitary

76
Q

what does center for regulation of physiological functions regulate

A
  • homeostasis
  • water balance
  • emotional reactions
  • sleep-wake cycle
  • body temp
  • endocrine functions
  • food intake
77
Q

What are the 2 components of the epithalamus

A
  • pineal gland

- habenula

78
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland

A
  • role in sleep-wake cycle

- creation of melatonin (neurotransmitter)

79
Q

What is the role of Habenula

A
  • pain, learning, sleep

- involved in depression

80
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

a collection of nuclei that serve 2 main functions

81
Q

what are 2 main functions of the basal ganglia

A
  1. movement

2. reward/ addiction (most cells are dopaminergic)

82
Q

What are the 3 primary structures involved with motor movement of basal ganglia

A
  1. Caudate (movement linked to parkinsons. lesion = chorea like movement)
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus Pallidus (movements of laughter)
83
Q

What is the nucleus in basal ganglia that is involved with addiction

A

nucleus accumbens

84
Q

What is the nucleus of Meynert in the basal ganglia

A
  • located in basal forebrain

- contains brain’s acetylcholine (severely depleted in alzheimers and other dementias - fronto-temporal)

85
Q

What is the purpose of white matter tracts within the cerebrum / cerebral cortex

A

connect different areas

86
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter association

A
  1. commissural
  2. Association
  3. Projection
87
Q

What does the commissural type of white matter connect

A

connects regions btw the left and right hemispheres

88
Q

What does the Association type of white matter do

A

transmits info inside the same cerebral hemisphere

89
Q

What does the projection type of white matter do

A

links the cortex to the rest of the nervous system and also to the receptors and effectors

90
Q

Where are there several large projection and commissural tracts

A

the cerebral cortex

91
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum

A

translate to large body

  • largest commissural fibers connecting the L and R hemisphere
  • Sexually dimorphic (larger posterior portion in females)
92
Q

What is the anterior commissure

A

connects the anterior 2/3 of the temporal lobes

93
Q

What are the 3 capsules in brain which conduct info up/down and front/back of the brain called

A
  • internal capsule
  • external capsule
  • extreme capsules
94
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

the outer most layer of the brain
-made up of 4 lobes
and gyri and sulci

95
Q

how many gyri and sulci can be seen on an individual brain

A

~176

  • highly variable
  • 3 consistent landmarks
96
Q

what are the 3 consistent landmarks of the gyri and sulci

A
  • superior (medial) longitudinal fissure
  • the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus
  • central sulcus (of Rolando)
97
Q

What are Gyri

A

elevations or ridges within and along the brain

98
Q

What are Sulci

A

Valleys or depression within and along the brain

99
Q

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have

A

6 layers

-thickness ranges from 2 to 5 mm

100
Q

What are 6 functions of cerebral cortex

A
  1. consciousness
  2. Sensory processing
  3. Motor processing
  4. Emotion
  5. Memory
  6. Language
101
Q

What are the 3 functional break downs of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. primary or receptive cortex
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
102
Q

What is the function of the primary or receptive cortex

A
  • directly receive thalamic input

- damage to these areas produce loss of sensory modality(i.e. blindness, deafness…)

103
Q

what does damage to the secondary cortex result in

A

agnosia

-person detects the stimuli but does not recognize it or the meaning

104
Q

What is function of tertiary cortex

A

-multimodal and involve the most sophisticated of human potentials (i.e. reasoning, thought, etc..)

105
Q

What are the 3 large sulci that serve as landmarks for the division of the brain

A
  • sylvian sulcus (lateral sulcus)
  • Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando)
  • superior longitudinal fissure (medial longitudinal fissure)
106
Q

What does the Sylvian Sulcus divide

A

the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

107
Q

what does the central sulcus separate

A

frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

108
Q

what does superior longitudinal fissure divide

A

the brain into left and right hemisphere

109
Q

Which hemisphere has more gray matter

110
Q

which hemisphere has more white matter

111
Q

What are the functions of the Left hemisphere (7)

A
  • language
  • memory encoding
  • sense of self
  • logic
  • analytical
  • serial processing
  • active thought
112
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere (9)

A
  • some language
  • autobiographical memory
  • mathematics
  • spatial processing
  • creativity
  • dreaming
  • pattern recognition
  • emotion
  • parallel processing
113
Q

What are the 4 superficial lobes of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. temporal
114
Q

What are the 2 internal / buried lobes

A
  1. insula

2. limbic lobe

115
Q

what is the limbic system

A

a collection of sub-cortical structures

116
Q

what are the 3 structures of the limbic system

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Cingulate
117
Q

What is the function of the limbic system

A
  • emotion
  • memory
  • bonding
  • default-mode
118
Q

What is the Hippocampus

A
  • known as the “Gateway to memory”

- H.M. removed it and could not form new memories

119
Q

What is structure of hippocampus

A
  • divided into 3 sectors called the CA fields (CA1, CA2, CA3 and Cornu ammonis)
  • formed continuously w/ a gyrus called the dentate gyrus
  • very low resistance / electrically labile (common are for seizures)
120
Q

What is the Cingulate

A
  • area of the bonding
  • highly influenced by oxytocin
  • involved in orgassm
121
Q

What is Amygdala

A
  • named as such bcs of its appearance (amygdala = almond)
  • sits directly in front of the hippocampus
  • emotional quality to memories
  • involved w/ fear and aggression
122
Q

What is the Insula

A 
Buried beneath the cortex 
Named the Island cortex
Perception of taste 
Responsible for visceral sensations
Region of disgust 
Internal representation of the self
123
Q

Where is occipital lobe located

A

most posterior aspect of the brain and most of it is hidden in the
calcarine fissure

124
Q

What are the 2 stream of white matter that visual information passes through in occipital lobe

A
  • the dorsl stream (parietal/ where)

- the ventral stream (temporal / what)

125
Q

What are 2 features of the occipital lobe

A
  • Primary visual cortex (area 17)

- Secondary association cortex (Area 18)

126
Q

What is primary visual cortex (area 17)

A

AKA the striate cortex involves awareness of what is being seen
-lesion = blindness

127
Q

what is secondary association cortex (area 18)

A
  • involved w/ recognition of movement and colour

- lesion = visual agnosia ( one can see the object but cannot recognize it)

128
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located

A

extends posteriorly from the central sulcus until it reaches the occipital lobe

129
Q

What are the primary areas of the parietal lobe

A

somatosensory integration and recognition(ability to associate touch and sensation together)

130
Q

what are the secondary areas of the parietal lobe

A

integration of visual-tactile-auditory input (put the 3 together to get full picture)

131
Q

What is the tertiary areas of the parietal lobe

A

language function

132
Q

What are the features of the primary cortex of the parietal lobe

A

Area 1,2,3:

  • primary projection area for touch, proprioception (recognize position of body) and pain
  • Lesion here = loss ability to recognize body position, estimate weights, tell diff in temp
133
Q

How is input from body represented in the parietal lobe

A

as a homunculus

134
Q

What is a homunculus

A

translates to “little man” in lating

  • is a representation of the human body enlarging/ highlighting the areas with the most sensory nerves
  • face, hands, testicles, uterus, legs
135
Q

What is in the secondary association cortex of the parietal lobe

A
  • area 5,7: (recognize and understand body image)

- area 19: (movement of eyes to visual stimuli)

136
Q

What is in the tertiary cortex of the parietal lobe

A
  • area 39 (angular gyrus): involved w/complex language function
  • area 40 (supramarginal gyrus): intimately involved w/ language and symbolic processing capacity
137
Q

What are the2 most electrically unstable portions of the brain that are contained in the temporal lobe

A
  • hippocampus

- amygdala

138
Q

What is temporal lobes main association

A

sense of self

139
Q

what are the primary areas of the temporal lobe:

A

auditory, vestibular processing

140
Q

What are the secondary areas of the temporal lobe

A

auditory, visuospatial recognition

141
Q

What is tertiary areas of the temporal lobe

A

language processing

  • L side = interpretation of words
  • R side = interpretation of tone
142
Q

What are some features of the temporal lobe

A
  • experience of hearing (area 41,42 Heschl’s gyrus)
  • auditory receptive area (area 22)
  • recognition and meaning of what is said (area 22)
  • vestibular (bowels) experience (area 52)
  • stimulation: dizziness, sense of spinning around, hallucinations (area 52 associates with intoxication)
143
Q

What is the structure of the frontal lobe

A
  • extends from the central sulcus anteriorly (front/ think forehead)
  • largest portion of the brain
  • divided functionally into motor region and prefrontal cortices (the largest cortical region is on the surface)
144
Q

When is there a relative increase in metabolic activity within the prefrontal region

A

under normal conditions of thinking

145
Q

When is there no increase in metabolic activity while thinking in the prefrontal cortex

A

Pt’s diagnosed with schizophrenia

146
Q

When is there hypofrontal metabolic activity in the prefrontal cortex

A

in Alzheimer’s disorder it is a chronic issue

147
Q

What are the Motor features of the frontal lobe (4)

A
  • Primary motor strip
  • Premotor and supplementary motor region
  • Frontal eye fields
  • Broca’s area
148
Q

What is the primary motor strip (area 4) of frontal lobe responsible for

A
  • major output to spinal cord

- output arranged in a homunculus, parrallel to somatosensory pattern in the parietal lobe

149
Q

What is the premotor and supplementary motor region (area 6) of frontal lobe responsible for

A

-organization and initiation of motor sequences

150
Q

What is the frontal eye fields (area 8) of frontal lobe responsible for

A

-voluntary control of eye movements

151
Q

What is the Broca’s area (area 44,45) of frontal lobe responsible for

A
  • involved w/ translation of image of the words into their motoric equivalents that allow vocalization
  • left hemisphere: syntax (structure of sentences)
  • right hemisphere: tone
152
Q

What are the functions of the orbitofrontal region of frontal lobe

A
  • integration of planning w/ emotional behaviour
  • lesion: evokes restless, impulsive, antisocial, loss of self concern, decresed normal self-awareness
  • over-stimulation: OCD
153
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal regions (3) (frontal lobe)

A

Allows planning, organization and self-monitoring of one’s behaviour
Controls attention, concentration, and ability to change set quickly
Modulates inhibition of irrelevant or inappropriate behaviours
Lesions: apathy, akinesia, mutism, disturbances in sphincter control (urinary and bowel)

154
Q

What are the functions of the dorsolateral region of frontal lobe (areas 9-12)

A

-involved w/ symbolic reasoning, synthetic reasoning, thinking in a traditional sense

155
Q

What info is carried on the ascending tract

A

sensory information carried up to the brain

156
Q

What info is carried on the descending tract

A

motor info carried to the muscles

157
Q

What are the 6 areas in order of the corticospinal descending pathway

A
  1. premotor cortex and motor cortex
  2. internal capsule
  3. Crud cerebri (midbrain)
  4. pons
  5. Medulla
  6. posterior lateral white column (spinal cord)
158
Q

What happens to corticospinal descending pathway as it goes through the medulla

A
  • it decussates (cross to form an X/ cross over) 90%

- other 10 % stays on same side and = anterior corticospinal tract

159
Q

What is the function of the corticospinal tract

A

-sends info re: skilled, voluntary motor movement from motor/ premotor cortex to the spinal cord

160
Q

What happens if you get a lesion on the corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary movement compromised at the levels of the lesion and below. If the damage occurs within the spinal cord, impairments are ipsilateral. If the occur above the pyramidal decussation, all effects are contralateral.

161
Q

What is the route of the ascending pathway / spinothalamic (5)

A
  1. substantia gelatinosa (decussation)
  2. spinathalamic tract
  3. internal capsule
  4. VPL (vetropostereolateral) thalamus
  5. somesthetic cortex (areas 3,1,2, parietal lobe)
162
Q

What are functions of spinothalamic tract

A
  1. Anterior: light touch, contact info
  2. Lateral: info regarding pain and temp
    (a lesion to this tract would impair the above)
163
Q

Does spinothalamic or corticospinal tract carry infor re: tactile or proprioceptive input

A

no neither do

164
Q

The medial lemniscus carries sensory info via ascending pathway from what areas of the body

A
  1. arms
    - fasciculus cuneatus
    - nucleus cuneatus
  2. legs
    - fasciculus gracilis
    - nucleus gracilis
165
Q

Where does the medial lemniscal system decussate

A

at caudal medulla

166
Q

What is the path of the medial lemniscal system after it decussates

A
  • medial lemniscus
  • internal capsule
  • VPL (ventroposterolateral) thalamic nucleus
  • somesthetic cortex
167
Q

What is function of the medial lemniscal system

A

delivers tactile and proprioceptive input to the brain

168
Q

What is the neurotransmitter systems

A

systems in brain that have diff receptors (receivers) and activators (neurotransmitters or drugs that activate receptors)

169
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism of neurotransmitters

A

it means there is a specific activator for a specific receptor
-same as hormones

170
Q

What is receptor sensitization

A
  • receptors can be occluded (or burried in memebrane), which reduces # expressed = decresing cells sensitivity for compounds that activate that receptor
  • increased expression = increased sensitivity
171
Q

What is tolerance in neurotransmitters

A
  • repeated exposure = down regulation in receptors / desensitization
  • more of the compound now needed to repeat effect
172
Q

What is agonist in neurotransmitters

A
  • drugs that can activate specific receptors
173
Q

what is antagonists in neurotransmitters

A

-drugs that block the activation of specific receptors

174
Q

What are cholinergic drugs

A

acetyl choline

  • critical for communication btw neurons & muscle cells
  • involved in attention
  • nicotine acts on specific cholinergic receptors
175
Q

What are serotoninergic drugs

A

serotonin (5-HT)

  • involved in mood stability, aggression, sleep, gastrointestinal funct.
  • certain receptor subtypes (5-HT2A/C) activated by LSD
176
Q

When is serotonin found to be disfunctioning

A 
psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, OCD)
-decreased circulation of serotonin in brain often = depression
177
Q

What are opioid drugs

A
  • involved in pain and euphoria

- receptors in pain sensing limbic (emotion) areas

178
Q

What are the endogenous agonists of opioids

A

enkephalin and endorphin peptides

179
Q

what are the exogenous agonists of opioids

A

morphine, heroin, codein

180
Q

What are adrenergic drugs

A

Adrenalin/Epinephrine = fight or flight response
Noradrenalin/norepinephrine = focused attention, sleep
-Involved in depression, anxiety and ADHD

181
Q

What are Dopaminergic drugs

A

Dopamine
-Reward/addiction and involuntary motor movements
(Gamblers addicted to the behaviour bcs provides a release in dopamine;
They likely have lower than norm levels of dopamine to start)
-Involved in Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia

182
Q

What are GABAergic drugs (gamma amino butyric acid)

A

-Inhibitory
-GABAa receptor subtype operates on Cl- channel:
When activated, increases influx of Cl-, hyperpolarizing the membrane, making it more difficult for there to be an action potential
-Target of barbituates (anesthetic and anti-convulsant), benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety)

183
Q

What is the neurological disease STROKE

A
  • hemorrhaging
  • cells in area will loose blood supply and die
  • symptoms depend on where in CNS occurs
184
Q

What is neurological disease traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A
  • Could result in tissue damage, swelling or internal bleeding
  • Common symptoms: dizziness, headaches, loos of consciousness (at the time of)
  • New research has shown that remaining active is important to recovery
185
Q

What is neurological disease Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Cell death occurs in the substantia nigra in the midbrain
  • Decreased dopamine to basal ganglia
  • Most common symptoms are motor problems (tremors)
186
Q

What is neurological disease schizophrenia

A
  • Very complex
  • Individuals have psychotic episodes (Lose touch with reality)
  • Brains are structured differently
  • Common treatments are anti-dopaminergic drugs

A & P 2 (13 decks)

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