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A & P 2 > Lecture 6 Lymphatic > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Lymphatic Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 roles of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Drainage of interstitial fluid
  2. Transport of digested products of fats
    - lacteal: lymph vessels of the small intestine
  3. Protection complementary to immune system
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2
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that remains in the tissue spaces

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3
Q

What does interstitial fluid contain ( 5)

A
  • leukocytes (WBC) mobile units
  • small proteins
  • electrolytes
  • dissolved gasses
  • sugars
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4
Q

The majority of the filtrate of lymphatic system is what?

A

Plasma

- has passed from capillaries to the interstitial fluid

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5
Q

What happens to interstitial fluid after passing through lymph vessels

A

Its reabsorbed downstream

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6
Q

How many liters per day of interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels and eventually return to the blood

A

3 L per day

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7
Q

When does interstitial fluid become lymph

A

When it enters and circulates inside the lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries located in relation to vascular capillaries

A

They are blind ended so closed vessels that interweave between the vascular capillaries

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9
Q

Where are there NO lymphatic vessels

A

Bone
Red bone marrow
CNS (brain and spinal cord)

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10
Q

What are 3 structures in lymphatic system

A

Lymph duct
Lymph trunk
Lymph node

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11
Q

What is structure of lymph vessels

A
  • endothelial squamous cells that overlap which make flap like mini valves. The mini valves are not firmly attached
  • attached to c.t. by fine filaments to give it integrity
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12
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic vessels

A

-the mini valves on lymphatic vessels open and close so fluid can drain into them when there is excess interstitial fluid

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13
Q

What is the route in the circulation of lymph

A
  • unidirectional (towards the heart)

- movement fron capillarie to vessel occurs by diffusion (due to differences in size of vessels)

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14
Q

Characteristics of lymphatic vessels

A
  • structurally similar to veins

- higher density of valves and anastomose

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15
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge to form what

A

Larger lymphatic and eventually form the main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic ducts and the thoracic duct

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16
Q

Where does lymph from upper right quadrant empty into

A

Into right lymphatic duct and then right subclavian vein

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17
Q

Where does lymph from rest of the body empty into

A

The thoracic duct and then drains into the left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern)

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18
Q

What is grouped in clusters along the lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph nodes

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19
Q

What are the main clusters of lymph nodes (6)

A
  1. Inguinal (pelvis)
  2. Cubital
  3. Axillary (armpits)
  4. Cervical
  5. Preauricular
  6. Submaxillary
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20
Q

What is the capsule of the lymph node

A
  • envelop of dense c.t. that surrounds the node and divides the interior as it penetrates the structure forming compartments.
  • the divisions of the interior are called trabeculae
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21
Q

What are the 3 inner structures of the lymph node

A

Cortex
Medulla
Medullary sinus

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22
Q

What are the functions of the lymph nodes

A

Filtration and phagocytosis
- cortical and medullary sinuses are lined with reticuloendothelial cells
- these cells are macrophages and capable of phagocytosis
And some hematopoiesis of Lymphocytes

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23
Q

Why do they say accessory organs of lymphatic system are located in strategic locations

A

Because they are where potential for a pathogen invasion is high (I.e. skin, intestine..)

24
Q

What are the 5 accessory organs of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Tonsils (pharyngeal region)
  2. Thymus (in thorax, most active in youth)
  3. Spleen (curves around L side of stomach)
  4. Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphoid nodules in small intestine)
  5. Appendix (RLQ)
25
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Anatomical left side of the abdominal cavity

  • beneath diaphragm
  • behind the stomach

It is richly vascularized (++ blood vessels)

26
Q

What are the functions of the spleen(4)

A
  1. Proliferation of Lymphocytes site for erythropoiesis - fetus
  2. Purifies blood (destroys debris)
  3. RBC and platelets destruction
  4. Blood reservoir
27
Q

What are the 2 features of the spleen

A

White pulp:
- T&B Lymphocytes are suspended among the reticular fibers
- form clusters ‘cuffs’ around the central arteries
Red pulp:
- sinusoid (venous sinuses)
- splenic cords (reticular c.t. containing RBC & macrophages)

28
Q

What is the location of the thymus

A

In the mediastinum, partially covers the heart

29
Q

What is the function of the thymus

A
  • release and circulation of hormones (Thymosin)
  • they stimulate the maturation of Lymphocytes T ( making them immuno competent/ immunoreactive)
  • thymus ordinarily atrophies with age
30
Q

What are the components of the thymus

A
  • 2 lobes (bilobed)

- those lobes are divided into globules by septum (Capsule, cortex, medulla: thymic corpuscles)

31
Q

What is the location of the tonsils

A

Forms a ring at the entry to the pharynx

32
Q

What are the 4 tonsils

A
  • Pharyngeal (posterior wall of nasopharynx)
  • Tubal (surround opening of auditory tubes in pharynx)
  • Palatines (posterior end of oral cavity, biggest and most frequently infected)
  • Lingual (base of the tongue)
33
Q

What are the components of the tonsils

A
  • follicles with lymphocytes

- crypts that capture intruders

34
Q

What is the function of the tonsils

A

Destroys intruders brought via air & food to the pharynx

35
Q

What is adenopathy

A

Enlargement of the lymphatic nodes often associated with inflammation and tumors

36
Q

What is tonsilitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils; often caused by infectious bacteria can be acute or chronic

37
Q

What is elephantitis

A

Tropical disease where the lymphatic vessels are obstructed by parasitic worms (filarial nematode) resulting in extreme edema

38
Q

What is splenomegaly

A

Increase in volume of the spleen because of infectious organisms; can result in HTN or anemia

39
Q

Hodgkin’s disease

A

Cancer of the lymphatic nodes; painless edema of the lymphatic nodes

40
Q

What is mononucleosis

A

Frequent viral disease (Epstein barr) transmission: saliva
swollen lymphatic nodes
Lasts about 4-6 weeks

41
Q

What is an antigen

A
  • macromolecule that induces immune system response

- can be self or non-self (foreign)

42
Q

What is immunocompetence

A
  • effective response to antigen
43
Q

What is cytokines

A
  • involved in many immune functions

- interleukins, leukotrienes, interferons

44
Q

What is non-susceptibility

A

“Species resistance”

  • absolute protection against a given disease or diseases
  • genetic link = dont have receptors for antigen binding
  • internal environment differences
  • small percentage of the population
45
Q

What is the first line of defense of the immune system

A

Barriers

  • physical
  • chemical
46
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers of the first line of defense

A

•skin and mucosa
- wall that separate internal and external environment
•Sebum
- contains pathogen inhibiting chemicals
•mucus in respiratory
- traps pathogen which are swept away by cilia
•Gastric juices
- destroys pathogens
•Acidity
- ex. In vagina

47
Q

What is the 2nd line of defence

A

Barriers

  • inflammatory response
  • biological
48
Q

What are the important components of the inflammatory response

A
  • Kinins (hormone that stimulate prostaglandins ex. Bradykinin)
  • Histamine ( stimulate vasodilation of arterioles)
  • Chemotactic agents ( attraction of cells toward a given area)
49
Q

What are the 5 classic symptoms of the inflammation response

A 
Redness
Heat
Pain
Swelling
Impairment of function
50
Q

What are the biological barriers in the second line of defence

A
  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells (clean & promote apoptosis)
  • fever (increased system activity, trigger pyrogenic effect)
  • complement (grp of proteins which cause cytolysis)
  • interferons (proteins that inhibit viral replication)
51
Q

What are the phagocytosis of 2nd kine of defense

A
  • responsible for ingestion and destruction of foreign particles
  • some display protein fragments from destroyed cells - antigen presenting cells
  • short life span - dead cells make pus
  • 10 to 15% of all cells are phagocytes
  • dendritic cells, macrophages - important APCs
52
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis in the 2nd line of defence

A
  1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris
  2. Phagocyte makes pseudopods that engulf the particles = phagosome
  3. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle forming phagolysosome
  4. Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles leaving residual body
  5. Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material
53
Q

What is complement of second line of defence

A
  • group of ~20 inactive plasma and surface proteins
  • involved in complement cascade (classical, lection, alternative)
  • produce membrane attack complex (MAC)
  • can also act as anaphylatoxins, opsonization
54
Q

What are the natural killer cells of 2nd line of defence

A
  • group of Lymphocytes produced in RBM
  • broad range of targets, no specific antigen
  • recognition depends on 2 receptors
  • destroys cells via apoptosis, requires receptor binding
55
Q

What are the 2 receptors that recognition depends on in natural killer cells

A

Kill-activating
- binds to many common surface molecules
Kill-inhibiting
- binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I

56
Q

What is interferon of second line of defence

A
  • protein released by cells in response to viral infection
  • promote release of enzymes that block viral replication
  • three major types: (leukocyte, fibroblast, immune)
  • some promote synthesis of MHCs

A & P 2 (13 decks)

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