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A & P 2 > Lecture 4: Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system work with the nervous system to handle what 2 responsibilities

A
  1. Homeostasis

2. Feedback mechanisms

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2
Q

What is a key difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A
  • Nervous system is fast acting and reacting

- Endocrine system slow but long lasting response

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands and their primary functions (3)

A
  • units of secretion

- to create, release and distribute hormones

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4
Q

What are the 6 endocrine glands

A
  1. Pineal body or gland (a.k.a epiphysis)
  2. Pituitary (a.k.a. hypophysis)
  3. Thyroid
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Thymus
  6. Adrenal
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5
Q

What are the endocrine tissues and organs

A
  • partly hormonopoietic

- they have the capacity to create hormones but that is not their primary function

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6
Q

Name the 10 endocrine organs

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Ovaries
  3. Testicles
  4. Kidneys
  5. Stomach
  6. Adipose tissue
  7. Small intestine
  8. Skin
  9. Heart
  10. Placenta
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7
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

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8
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce

A
  • estrogen

- progestrone

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9
Q

What hormones do the testicles produce

A

-testosterone

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10
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce

A

-erythropoietin

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11
Q

What hormones does the stomach produce

A
  • gastrin

- serotonin

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12
Q

What hormones does adipose tissue produce

A

-leptin

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13
Q

What hormones does the small intestine produce

A
  • secretin
  • cholecystokinin
  • gastrin
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14
Q

What hormones does the skin produce

A

-cholecalciferol (inactive form of vitamin D)

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15
Q

What hormones does the heart produce

A

-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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16
Q

What hormones does the placenta produce

A
  • estrogen
  • progestrone
  • hCG
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17
Q

What is a neuroendocrine organ

A

-translator or interface of the two systems

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18
Q

What is the 1 neuroendocrine organ

A

Hypothalamus

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19
Q

What are the 2 ways to classify hormones

A
  • function

- structure

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20
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of hormones

A
  1. tropic hormones (target other endocrine glands)
  2. sex hormones (target reproductive tissues)
  3. anabolic hormones (stimulate anabolism)
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21
Q

What are the 2 structural classifications of hormones

A
  • steroid

- nonsteroid

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of nonsteroid structures of hormones

A
  • protein
  • peptide
  • amino acid derivative
  • glycoprotein
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23
Q

What is the lock and key mechanism

A
  • the target cell has a receptor specific for the hormone that affects it
  • each hormone attaches to a specific receptor
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24
Q

What is signal transduction principle

A
  • the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to it’s interior
  • different hormone, different effects
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25
Q

What is the principle of synergism

A

-occurs when 2 or more hormones produce the same effects in a target cell and their results are amplified

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26
Q

what is the principle of permissiveness

A

-the situation in which a hormone cannot exert its full effects w/o the presence of another hormone

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27
Q

What is the principle of antagonism

A
  • pairs of hormones that have the opposite effects
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28
Q

What two ways can hormones be soluble

A

water or by lipid

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29
Q

what are the 2 mechanism that hormones can be transported through

A
  1. receptor mediated transport

2. diffusion

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30
Q

What is receptor mediated transport

A
  • Proteins on the outside of the cell membrane are receiptors to allow hormones to produce their effect on cell
  • hormones cannot enter cell alone as water soluble molecules cannot penetrate the mebrane very well
  • energy is required
  • most hormones are transported this way
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31
Q

What is an example of receptor mediated transport

A

hormone derived from amino acids

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32
Q

What is the transport mechanism diffusion

A
  • membrane primarily made up of fats
  • makes it easy for lipids to pass through freely
  • they have a direct action on genes (no additional signaling steps)
  • based on chemistry: molecules that are alike dissolve each other (solubility)
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33
Q

What is an example of the diffusion hormone transport

A

-steroid hormones (synthesized from cholestrol)

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34
Q

What are the 3 ways to promote endocrine hormone release

A
  1. ion concentration (altered levels of critical hormones)
  2. action potential (caused by neural input)
  3. hormones (hormone release caused by another hormone that’s a-tropoic)
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35
Q

What is target cell regulation

A

-a target cell responds to a hormone bcs it bears receptors for the hormone.
-sensitivity is dependant on # of receptors
-hormone receptors must be broken down on receptor to end effect
up-regulation vs down-regulation

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36
Q

What are the 3 subgroups of eicosanoids

A
  1. prostaglandins
  2. thromboxanes
  3. Leukotrienes
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37
Q

What are 2 characteristics of eicosanoids

A
  • rapidly metabolized, do not circulate far

- work on a cellular level

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38
Q

What are Prostaglandins

A
  • 16 diff PGs total & 9 classes (A - I)

- many involved w/ cAMP cycle (secondary messenger cycle)

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39
Q

What are 3 examples of prostaglandins

A
  • PGA (decrease BP -> increase in regional flow in heart and kidneys
  • PGE (platelet aggregation & RBC shape, role in inflammation response)
  • PGF (involved w/ uterine contractions, peristalsis)
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40
Q

What are Thromboxanes

A

-synthesized by platelets, involved w/ clotting

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41
Q

What are Leukotrienes

A

Involved w/ immune responses

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42
Q

What is the other name for neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

43
Q

Where are hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus stored

A

in posterior pituitary

44
Q

What are the 2 nuclei of the hypothalamus that produce hormones

A
  1. Supraoptic nucleus (antidiuretic ADH or vasopressin)

2. paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin)

45
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of the posterior pituitary

A
  • AKA vasopressin
  • maintains water balance via water retention in kidneys
  • stimulates contraction of small arterioles
46
Q

What is oxytocin (stored in posterior pituitary)

A

2 primary roles:

  • stimulation of uterine muscles
  • ejection of milk frm mammary glands
  • important for bonding btw mother and child
47
Q

What is the Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary

48
Q

What are the 5 distinct types of secretory cells in the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Somatotrophs (growth hormone GH)
  2. Lactotrophs (prolactin PRL)
  3. Corticotrophs (adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH)
  4. Thyrotrophs (thyroid stimulating hormone TSH)
  5. Gonadotrophs (follicle-stimulating hormone FSH, luteinizing LH)
49
Q

What is the growth hormone / somatotroph (in anterior pituitary)

A
  • promotes growth via insulin-like growth factor 1 (IFG-1), frm liver
  • increases amino acid transport into cells
  • stimulates protein anabolism
  • stimulates metabolism of fat
50
Q

What is prolactin (PRL) (in anterior pituitary)

A

-initiation of milk secretion

51
Q

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (in anterior pituitary)(ACTH)

A

-promotes development of adrenal glands and secretion of cortisol

52
Q

What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone-TSH (in anterior pituitary)

A
  • promotes growth of thyroid

- stimulates production of thyroid hormone

53
Q

What is Follicle-stimulating hormone -FSH (in anterior pituitary)

A
  • stimulates primary follicles to mature
  • causes synthesis of estrogen
  • development of seminiferous tubules & spermatogenesis in males
54
Q

What is Luteinizing hormone - LH (in anterior pituitary)

A
  • stimulates corpus luteum (yellow body)
  • releases progesterone
  • stimulates testes development in males & testosterone production
55
Q

What are the hormones generated and released in the hypothalamus (7)

A
  • Gn-rh: gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • Growth hormone releasing hormone
  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
  • TRH: Thyroid releasing hormone
  • PRH: Prolactin releasing hormone
  • Pih: Prolactin inhibiting hormone
  • CRH: Corticotropin releasing hormone
56
Q

Where do the hormones go after released from anterior and posterior pituitary

A

the target organ

57
Q

What happens when there is hyposecretion of GH

A

-child: pituitary dwarfism

58
Q

What happens when there is hypersecretion of GH

A

gigantism: normal proportion

- acromegaly (adult): irreversible thickening of bone in hands, face, skin

59
Q

What happens when there is hyposecretion of TSH

A
  • child: cretinism / menatally retarded

- adult: myxedema-edema of face and extremities

60
Q

what happens when there is hypersecretion of TSH

A
  • graves’ disease (autoimmune exophtalmos)

- Hashimoto (autoimmune, goiter)

61
Q

What happens when there is hyposecretion of ACTH

A

-addison disease(life threatening, weakness, anorexia, dehydration, nausea, circulatory shock)

62
Q

What happens when there is hyposecretion of ADH

A

diabetes insipidus: excretion of large quantities of diluted urine

63
Q

What happens when there is hypersecretion of ADH

A
  • syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
  • retention H2O
  • headache
  • weight gain
64
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A
  • seated on the larynx

- bounded (superiorly) by thyroid cartilage and (inferiorly) by the trachea

65
Q

What are the 3 hormones in the thyroid gland

A
  1. T3 (triiodothyronine)
  2. T4 (tetraiodothyronine) / Thyroxine - secreted by follicular cells, collectively known as thyroid hormone
  3. Calcitonin ( secreated by parafollicular)
66
Q

What is the function of the thyroid hormones T4 and calcitonin

A

thyroid hormone: metabolism and growth
Calcitonin: -regulation of circulating calcium
-calcium deposits for bone

67
Q

What are the functions of the thyroid gland

A
  • controls metabolism (weight + or -)
  • regulates damaged and dying cell replacement
  • affects HR
  • affects temp and temp regulation
  • affects the strength of muscles
68
Q

What are the effects of hypothyroidism (long list so just a few)

A
  • hair loss
  • apathy
  • lethargy
  • dry skin (coarse and scaly)
  • muscle aches & weakness
  • constipation
  • intolerance to cold
  • receding hairline
  • facial & eyelid edema
  • dull blank expression
  • extreme fatigue
  • thick tongue - slow speech
  • anorexia
  • brittle nails and hair
  • menstrual disturbances
  • late stage: (subnorm temp, bradycardia, weight gain, decr. LOC, thickened skin, cardiac complications)
69
Q

What are some affects of hyperthyroidism (long list so just a few)

A
  • intolerance to heat
  • fine straight hair
  • bulging eyes
  • facial flushing
  • enlarged thyroid
  • tachycardia
  • increased systolic BP
  • breast enlargement
  • weight loss
  • muscle wasting
  • localized edema
  • finger clubbing
  • tremors
  • increased diarrhea
  • menstrual changes (amenorrhea)
70
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland

A
  • -on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

- embedded within the thyroid gland

71
Q

What 3 areas do the hormones released from parathyroid target

A
  • skeleton
  • kidney
  • intestine
72
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid

A

Principal cells secrete parathyroid hormone - PTH

-activated when Calcium is in low concentrations in the blood

73
Q

What is the effect of hyperparathyroidism

A

leaching of bone Ca2+ = spontaneous fractures

hypercalcemia gives lethargy, constipation, possible coma

74
Q

What is the effect of hypoparathyroidism

A

Hypocalcemia (rare), increased phophorus

=increased excitability of neurons and muscle cells, muscle spasms, convulsions

75
Q

Where is the adrenal gland

A
  • lies on the superior aspect of the kidneys

- broken down into 2 regions

76
Q

What are the 2 regions of the adrenal glands

A
  1. adrenal cortex

2. adrenal medulla

77
Q

What are the 3 zones of the addrenal cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids ex.Aldosterone)
  2. zona fasciculate (glucocorticoids ex.Cortisol)
  3. zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids ex.testosterone & estrogens)
78
Q

Characteristics of the adrenal medulla

A
  • under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

- secretes catecholamines (adrenaline & noradrenaline)

79
Q

What is glucocorticoid activity most commonly associated with

A

the release of stress hormone Cortisol

80
Q

What is the principal metabolic effect of glucocorticoid activity

A

gluconeogenesis

  • formation of glucose frm noncarbohydrate molecules
    (ex. amino acids, glycerol)
  • elevated cortisol suppresses immune system
81
Q

What is Cushing disease

A

-disease of excess cortisol

= persistent hyperglycemia, HTN, edema, buffalo hump (fat in neck), fragile skin, muscle weakness

82
Q

What are the 3 main catecholamines

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
  • dopamine
83
Q

what happens when there is hypersecretion of catecholamines

A
  • increased metabolism
  • increased cardiac frequency
  • hyperglycemia
  • palpations
  • nervousness
  • HTN
  • diaphoresis
84
Q

what happens when there is hyposecretion of catecholamines

A

-inability to handle stress

85
Q

What is the specialized cell of the Pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes

86
Q

what are Pinealocytes responsible for

A

the secretion of melatonin

87
Q

What is melatonin

A
  • implicated w/ biological clock
  • sleep & wake cycle
  • hallucinations (DMT)
  • potent antioxidant
  • cancer therapeutic
  • body has many receptors for it
88
Q

What suppresses melatonin

A

bright (blue) light

- so highest activity happens in darkness

89
Q

What are the special secretory cells of the thymus

A

thymocytes

90
Q

Thymocytes are responsible for the production and release of what 5 diff hormones

A
  1. prothymosin
  2. Thymosin
  3. Thymopoietin
  4. Thymulin
  5. Thymic humoral factor
91
Q

What is the function of the thymus hormones (3)

A
  • favor the proliferation & maturation of T-lymphocytes (innate immunity)
  • maintain & balance other lymph tissues
  • involved in differentiation of B cells to plasma cells for antibody production (memory & diversity)
92
Q

Where is the pancreas located

A

-long, flat gland that lies horizontally behind stomach

93
Q

what 2 systems does pancre

A

endocrine and digestive

94
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancrease is made up of what?

A

islets langerhans

95
Q

What are the 5 types of cells of islets langerhans

A
  1. Alpha (secrete glucagon)
  2. Beta (secrete insulin)
  3. Delta (secrete somatostatin; involved in regulating the pancreas)
  4. Epsilon (secrete ghrelin, induce appetite \; slows metabolism)
  5. PP cells (secrete pancreatic polypeptide, role in digestive sys.)
96
Q

What is hypoglycemia

A

low BG (blood glucose/ blood sugar)

97
Q

what are signs/ symptoms of hypoglycemia

A
  • sweating
  • mood changes
  • blurred vision
  • trembling
  • dizziness
  • hunger
  • H/A
  • extreme tiredness & weakness
98
Q

What are signs / symptoms of hyperglycemia

A
  • dry mouth
  • freq. urge to urinate
  • freq. bed wetting
  • xtreme thirst
  • drowsiness
  • stomach pain
99
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • absence, insufficient, inefficient quantity of insulin
  • Glucose not absorbed by cells leading to hyperglycemia
  • cells enter starvation mode
  • leading to breakdown of glycogen and lipids, production of glucose
  • can lead to Glycosuria
100
Q

What is glycosuria

A

sweet smelling urine

101
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

no insulin

102
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

less insulin and insulin resistance

103
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A

high glucose levels in mom - brings extra glucose to baby - causes baby to put on extra weight

A & P 2 (13 decks)

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