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A & P 2 > Lecture 8: Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main roles/ functions of the urinary system

A
  1. Excretion / elimination of waste
  2. Maintain water, solute, etc.. Homeostasis
  3. Production of various molecules - enzymes, hormones & conversion of vitamins
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2
Q

How does the hormone Renin work in the urinary system

A

-Kidneys detect a fall in BP
-renin
-angiotensinogen
-angiotensin I
(there is an angiotensin converting enzyme)
-angiotensin II
-vasoconstriction

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3
Q

How does erythropoietin work in urinary system

A

-Hypoxia from decreased RBC count, decreased amount of Hb, or decreased availability of O2
-Kidney (and liver) release erythropoietin
-erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
-enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
O2 carrying ability of blood rises

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4
Q

How does vitamin D work in urinary system

A
  • Hypocalcemia
  • increase release of parathyroid hormone
  • increased osteoclast activity = release Ca+ into blood OR increased Ca+ reabsorption in kidney tubule OR increased activity of vitamin D by kidney = increased Ca+ absorption from food in small intestine
  • all = incressed Ca+ in blood
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5
Q

What are the 4 main organs that make up the urinary system

A
  1. kidney
  2. ureter
  3. urinary bladder
  4. urethra
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6
Q

What is the location of the kidneys

A
  • superior region (12th thoracic vertebra, 3r lumbar vert.)

- R kidney is LOWER than L kidney bcs of presence of liver

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7
Q

What are landmarks of the kidneys

A

Renal hilus

-region where blood and lymphatic vessels, ureters & nerves enter & exit

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8
Q

What are the 3 structures on the exterior of the kidneys

A
  1. Fibrous capsule (protects kidney from surrounding infection)
  2. Renal Fasciae (anchors kidneys to surrounding structures
  3. Renal fat pad (heavy cushion of fat around each kidney)
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9
Q

What are 6 main layers inside of the kidneys

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pelvis
  • renal pyramid in renal medulla
  • fibrous capsule
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10
Q

Describe the renal cortex

A
  • frm external edge of kidney to top of renal pyramid (Malpighi)
  • the part that lies btw the renal pyramids is called renal columns
  • ramification of renal veins and arteries
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11
Q

Describe the renal medulla

A

-region including renal pyramids (have stripped appearance as tubules cross them)
–base of pyramid is oriented twrd cortex
-apex has the renal papilla
(converge at minor calyx, release urine)

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12
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

a funnel shaped tube that communicates with the ureters

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13
Q

what are the branching extensions of the renal pelvis

A

Major Calyx
Minor Calyx
(pleural is calyces)

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14
Q

What does the renal pelvis do

A

conducts filtrate (urine) away from the kidney (collecting duct and hose)

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15
Q

Where is smooth muscle present in the urinary system

A
  • pelvis
  • major and minor calyces
  • ureters (assists with urine propulsion
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16
Q

Where does blood enter the kidneys

A

through renal arteries

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17
Q

how much blood from heart enters the kidneys

A

1/5th

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18
Q

what % of blood enters and supplies (irrigates) the CORTEX

A

90% - most of the filtration (nephrons)

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19
Q

what are the 2 capillary beds of the kidneys

A
  • Glomerulus

- Peritubular / vasa rectus

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20
Q

What does the Glomerulus capillary bed do

A

filtration from high pressure to produce filtrate

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21
Q

what do the Peritubular and Vasa Rectus capillary beds do

A
  • absorption from low pressure

- recuperate majority of fluid (water retention)

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22
Q

What is flow of blood circulation through kidney

A 
IN:
1. Renal artery
2. Segmental arteries
3. Interlobar artery
4. Arcuate artery
5. Cortical radiate artery
OUT:
1. Cortical radiate vein
2. Arcuate vein
3. Interlobar vein
4. Renal vein
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23
Q

What is structure of the ureter

A

2 tubes that transport urine from the kidneys (extension of the pelvis) to the bladder

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24
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up the walls of the ureters

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventicia
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25
Q

Wat assists the flow of urine in the ureter

A

contraction and gravity

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26
Q

What innervates / communicates with the ureter

A
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • central nervous system
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27
Q

What are important stimulus in the ureter

A
  • stretching of smooth muscle

- sense of the urinary urgency

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28
Q

What is the bladder

A

muscular reservoir that temporarily stores urine

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29
Q

What are the 3 layers of the bladder

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Adventicia
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30
Q

what is the name of the muscle in the bladder muscularis layer

A

Detrusor muscle

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31
Q

what are the 3 intermingled layers of the Bladder muscularis

A
  • internal (longitudinal)
  • external (longitudinal)
  • middle (circular)
32
Q

What is the structure of the adventicia layer of the bladder

A

-fibroelastic as a site for attachment

33
Q

What are the landmarks of the bladder

A
  • wall has folds called rugae (present when bladder is empty and absent when bladder is full)
  • can retain up to 1L of liquid (at about 700ml the bladder may uncontrollably urinate)
34
Q

what are the Trigone of the bladder

A

3 openings (2 ureters and 1 urethra) leading out of the bladder

35
Q

What i the function of the urethra

A

a tube that transport urine from bladder to exterior by way of the urethral orifice

36
Q

properties of the male urethra

A
  • 20cm

- transports urine and semen

37
Q

properties of the female urethra

A

3-4 cm

-transport urine

38
Q

what are the 3 segments of the urethra

A
  • Prostatic 2.5cm (pass thru prostate)
  • Membranous 2cm (pass thru urogenital diaphragm)
  • Spongy or penile 15cm (pass thru corpus spongiosum of penis)
39
Q

what is the urethra lined with

A

mucous membrane

40
Q

what is the internal urethra sphincter made of

A

smooth muscle

  • involuntary
  • prevents flow between voiding (micturition / urination)
41
Q

is the external urethra sphincter voluntary or involuntary

A

voluntary

42
Q

how many nephrons are there per kidney

A

1 million

43
Q

what is the function of the nephrons

A

exchange molecules btw the urine and the blood

44
Q

urine composition is based on

A
  • the needs of the organism

- all based upon the composition of the blood

45
Q

what is the microscopic functional unit

A

nephrons

46
Q

what comprises the bulk of the kidneys

A

nephrons

47
Q

what are the 2 regions that make up each nephron

A

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

48
Q

each nephron connects to qhat?

A

a shared collecting duct

49
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus

- Bowman capsule

50
Q

what is the Bowman capsule

A

cup-shaped mouth of the nephron that houses the glomerulus

-formed by parietal and visceral walls with a space btw them

51
Q

anatomy of the nephron route of the urine from artery to collecting duct

A
  1. renal corpuscle (glomerulus)
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. descending limb
  4. loop
  5. ascending limb
  6. thick segment
  7. distal convoluted tubule
  8. collecting duct
52
Q

what do the collecting ducts form when they fuse together

A

papillary ducts that bring urine to the minor calyces vis the renal papilla

53
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons

A
  • cortical nephron

- juxtamedullary nephron

54
Q

what type of nephron are the majority

A
  • 85% cortical

- almost all are in the cortex

55
Q

where are the juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • renal corpuscle at the cortex-medulla junction

- penetrates deep into the medulla

56
Q

What is the structure of the glomerulus capsule

A
  • double layered
  • parietal layer (external; simple squamous epithelia = structural)
  • visceral layer (internal; part of filtration membrane)
  • layers separated by the capsular space
57
Q

what is the 1st raw material of urine

A

Filtrate derived from the blood plasma

58
Q

what happens after blood circulates into the glomeruli

A

filtration

  • reabsorption by the renal tubules
  • secretion = urine
59
Q

Where is the filtration membrane

A

in the visceral layer of nephron

60
Q

what is visceral layer of the nephron made of

A

modified epithelial cells called podocytes

61
Q

what is structure of podocytes

A

packed closely together to form filtration slits; a slit diaphragm prevents the filtration lslits from enlarging under pressure

62
Q

what do cytoplasmic extensions do for podocytes

A

unite one another

63
Q

what is the pedicels or foot processes of podocytes

A

branching of the extensions to bind to the basal lamina of the glomerular capillaries

64
Q

what are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane

A
  1. capillary endothelium
  2. basement membrane
  3. foot processes of podocytes of glomerular capsule
65
Q

properties of the endothelium of fenestrated (glomerular) capillaries

A
  • very porous due to fenestrations (pores)

- allow passage of substances but not blood cells

66
Q

substances that pass from blood to capsular space are collected where

A

renal tubule

67
Q

what are the renal tubules associated with (closely connected to)

A

capillaries that exchange with them all along their legnth

  • peritubular capillaries (cortical nephrons)
  • vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephrons)
68
Q

what is structure of renal tubules

A

formed by single layer of epithelial cells (variety of forms) resting on a basal membrane

69
Q

A & P of Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A
  • cuboidal cells
  • brush border (microvilli)
  • filter through renal corpuscles and arrives here where reabsorption occurs
  • 65% H2O & ~100% solutes
70
Q

A & P of Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A
  • cuboidal cells
  • almost no microvilli
  • function: secretion
71
Q

A & P of Loop (of Henley)

A
  • descending limb: thin segment, simple squamous cells (preamble to H2O)
  • ascending limb: thick segment, cuboidal to columnar cells (preamble to solutes)
72
Q

A & P of collecting duct (CD)

A
  • 2 types of cuboidal cells
  • intercalated cells with microvilli, maintain acid-base equilibrium of blood
  • principal cells with no microvilli, maintain equilibrium of H2O, NA+ of organism
73
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that make up the juxtaglomerular complex

A
  1. Macula Densa cells

2. Granular (or Juxtaglomerular) cells

74
Q

What are the Macula Densa cells

A
  • initial cells of DCT in contact w/ cells of afferent & efferent arterioles
  • these act as osmoreceptors detecting changes in solute content of filtrate
75
Q

hat are the granular (juxtaglomerular) cells

A
  • smooth muscular cells present in the arteriole wall containing granules filled w/ renin
  • these act as mechanoreceptors detecting changes in pressure and adjust the rate of renal filtration

A & P 2 (13 decks)

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