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A & P 2 > Lecture 12: Digestive system > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

The upper and lower digestive tracts make up what

A

the alimentary canal

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the upper digestive tract

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the lower digestive tract

A
  • small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, lleum)
  • large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)
  • anus
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4
Q

What are the 7 accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  • salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
  • tongue
  • teeth
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • appendix
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5
Q

What are the 6 main functions of the digestive ssytem

A
  1. ingestion
  2. mechanical breakdown
  3. propulsion
  4. digestion
  5. absorption
  6. defecation
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6
Q

what parts of the digestive system are involved in mechanical breakdown of food

A
  • mouth = chewing
  • stomach = churning
  • small intestine = segmentation
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7
Q

Where does propulsion occur and how

A
  • oropharynx = swallowing

- Peristalsis in esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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8
Q

What are the 4 structural layers of the alimentary canal

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis Externa
  4. Serosa or adventitia
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9
Q

What makes up the mucosa layer of alimentary canal

A

membrane lining cavities that open to the exterior

  • mucous epithelium (mouth, esophagus, anal canal)
  • Lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae
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10
Q

What makes up the submucosa layer of alimentary canal

A
  • gland in submucosa

- duct from gland

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11
Q

What makes up the muscularis layer of alimentary canal

A
  • circular muscle layer

- longitudinal muscle layer

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12
Q

What makes up the serosa layer of alimentary canal

A
  • connective tissue layer

- peritoneum / Mesothelium

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13
Q

What are the roles of the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal

A
  1. secretion (mucus, enzymes, hormone)
  2. absorption (nutrients)
  3. protection (infectious diseases)
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14
Q

What are the roles of the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal

A
  • contains loose ct, blood & lymphatic vessels, neural fibers
  • submucosal plexus (part of ENS)
  • stomach (has lots of elastic fibers so it regains form after distention)
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15
Q

Where is the voluntary / skeletal muscles of the muscularis externa found

A

-mouth pharynx, superior part of esophagus, external sphincter (valve) of anus

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16
Q

Where is the internal / smooth muscle of the muscularis externa found

A

rest of tube

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17
Q

the serosa layer interfaces with what

A

the peritoneum (visceral/ parietal)

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18
Q

The mouth is a structure of what cavity

A

oral or buccal

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19
Q

describe the lips of mouth

A

covered externally by skin and internally by mucous membrane

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20
Q

Describe cheeks of mouth

A
  • lateral boudaries, continuous w/ the lips and lined by mucous membrane
  • formed in large part by the buccinator muscle covered by adipose tissue
  • contain mucous-secreting glands
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21
Q

Describe the hard palate of the mouth

A

-consists of portions of 4 bones : 2 maxillae and 2 palatines

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22
Q

Describe the soft palate of the moutth

A
  • forms the partition btw the mouth and nasopharynx and is made of muscle arranged in an arch
  • suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the arch is the uvula
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23
Q

What is the tongue

A

solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane; extremely maneuverable

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24
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tongue

A
  • root
  • tip
  • body
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25
Q

What 2 areas of tongue have papillae

A

dorsal and lateral surfaces

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26
Q

what anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

lingual frenulum

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27
Q

What is importance of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

intrinsic: speech & mastication
Extrinsic: swallowing & speech

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28
Q

How much saliva do the salivary glands excrete per day

A

~1L

29
Q

What are the 3 main pairs of compound tubuloalveolar glands

A
  1. Parotid glands (largest pair, make watery saliva w/ enzymes)
  2. Submandibular glands (contain enzyme & mucous producing elements)
  3. Sublingual glands (smallest of pairs, make mucous type o saliva)
30
Q

What are the teeth

A

organs of mastication

31
Q

What are the 4 parts of the teeth

A
  • crown
  • neck
  • root
  • outer shell
32
Q

what is the crown of the tooth

A

exposed portion of a tooth

33
Q

what is the neck portion of a tooth

A

narrow portion that joins the crown to the root, surrounded by gingivae (gums)

34
Q

what is root part of tooth

A

fits into the socket of jaw and is suspended by a fibrous periodontal membrane composed of many periodontal ligaments

35
Q

What is the outer shell made up of

A
  1. Dentin: most of tooth shell, covered by enamel at the crown & cementum at the neck & root
    - Pulp cavity: located in dentin, contains c.t., blood, lymphatic vessels & sensory nerves
36
Q

What is pharynx and esophagus role in digestive system

A

-Bolus passes through on way to stomach

37
Q

What are the 3 segments of the esophagus

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • abdominal sections
38
Q

What is structure of esophagus

A
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • 2 sphincters: Upper in cervical part (relaxation can = belching)…Lower at junction of stomach (relaxation can = acid reflux/ heart burn)
39
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia (collarlike region @ junction w/ esophagus)
  2. Fundus (to left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach)
  3. Body (central part)
  4. Pylorus (lower part of stomach)
40
Q

The stomachs extra layer of muscle is to

A
  • can contract at many angles

- enhances the stomachs ability to mix it’s contents

41
Q

what controls opening into stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

42
Q

What control opening out of stomach into small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

43
Q

The epithelial lining of the stomach has

A

rugae with depressions called gastric pits

44
Q

What secretes most of the gastric juices in stomach

A

gastric glands found below the level of the pits

45
Q

What secretes enzymes of gastric juices in stomach

A

Chief cells found in the gastric glands

46
Q

What cells secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

Parietal cells found in the gastric glands

47
Q

What cells secrete gastrin and ghrelin

A

Endocrine cells

48
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

~2.5 cm in diameter and 6 m in length

49
Q

What are 3 divisions of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum (uppermost division, ~25cm long like letter C)
  2. Jejunum (~2.5m long)
  3. Ileum (~3.5 m long)
50
Q

Each villus of the wall of the small intestine contains

A

an arteriole, venule, and lacteal (lymph capillary)

51
Q

The wall of small intestine villi are covered with what

A

brush border made up of 1700 ultrafine microvili per cell

-they along with villi help increase surface area of small intestine

52
Q

What are the crypts that are located between villi

A

-contain stem cells from which other cell types are produced and then migrate upward to replace to replace old cells

53
Q

What cells secrete enzyme that inhibit bacterial growth in crypts of small intestine

A

paneth cells

54
Q

what is the size of the large intestine

A

diameter 6cm and legnth 1.5 to 1.8 m

55
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the large intestine

A
  1. cecum (first 5 to 8 cm)
  2. colon
  3. rectum (last 7 or 8 inches, terminal inch is anal canal & opening = anus)
56
Q

What is the ascending colon

A

vertical position on the right side of the abdo

-ileocecal valve prevents material from passing from the large intestine into ileum

57
Q

What is the transverse colon

A

area that passes horizontlly across the abdo above small intestine
-extends from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure

58
Q

What is descending colon

A

vertical position on left side of the abdo

59
Q

Where is sigmoid colon

A

joins the descending colon to the rectum

60
Q

What is the vermiform appendix

A
  • 8 to 10 cm long
  • thought of as vestigial
  • research indicates may store healthy bacteria for the digestive system
61
Q

What is structure of the liver

A

2 lobes separated by falciform ligament

-Hepatic lobules: anatomical units of the liver, a small branch of hepatic vein extends through center of each lobule

62
Q

What are the bile ducts of the liver

A
  • small bile ducts from R and L hepatic ducts
  • R and L hepatic ducts immediately join to form one hepatic duct
  • hepatic duct merges w/ cystic duct to form the common bile duct, which opens into the duodenum
63
Q

What is the flow of bile

A
  • Created in liver
  • goes into bile ducts
  • then goes through R and L hepatic ducts
  • then through common hepatic duct
  • merges with cystic duct from gallbladder
  • to common bile duct
64
Q

What is structure of gallbladder

A

-pear shaped sac 7 to 10 cm long and 3 cm wide at broadest point

65
Q

What is function of gallbladder

A
  • storage of bile

- concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold

66
Q

what are gallstones

A
  • often made of cholesterol

- can form when bile becomes concentrated

67
Q

What is structure of pancreas

A
  • grayish-pink gland 12 to 15 cm long
  • behind stomach
  • composed of endocrine and exocrine glandular tissue
68
Q

What is the compound acinar arrangement that makes up the majority of the pancreas

A
  • the exocrine portion
  • tiny ducts unite to form the main pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum
  • acinar cells secrete digestive juice and enzymes
69
Q

What are the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A
  • endocrine portion of the pancreas

- imbedded between exocrine units

A & P 2 (13 decks)

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