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A & P 2 > Lecture 7 Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the innate lines of defense

A 
1st (physical and chemical)
and 2nd (inflammatory response and biological)
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2
Q

What are the adaptive lines of defense

A

3rd
Humoral or antibody mediated (B cells)
Cell-mediated (T cells)

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3
Q

What is the registry called SELF in the body

A

A recognition of all the body’s components

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4
Q

How is the SELF determined

A

By proteins called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- coded by Gene’s (HLA- human leukocyte antigen system)

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5
Q

What does everything that is NONSELF produce

A

A specific immunological reaction to DESTRUCTION of the invading pathogen

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6
Q

Body specific defences can be specific antigens such as

A
  • foreign substances
  • pathogens
  • intruders
  • nonself
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7
Q

Antigens stimulate a response from

A

The immune system

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8
Q

Where are most antigens

A

In lymph nodes and decrease as you move away

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9
Q

What are 2 features of antigens (specific response)

A

They are a substance that initiate a specific immune response

  1. Production of antibodies
  2. Generation of immunocompetent cells
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10
Q

What form can antigens be

A

Proteins or polysaccharides

- or a combo of both

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11
Q

What is a determinant or epitope of an antigen

A

Part of the antigen necessary for the production of antibodies

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12
Q

What do you call an incompetent antigen

A

HAPTEN

- must combine to a protein carrier to become complete

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13
Q

What is the first stage of the development of B cells

A

Occurs in bursa of fabricius (not in humans)

  • tissue in yolks sac and fetal liver early development
  • later in red bone marrow
  • then Naive B cell (inactive)
  • 100000 antibodies on surface, no secretions
  • migrate through other lymphoid structures
  • negative selection
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14
Q

What Is second stage B cell development

A
  • occurs when antigen is present
  • antigen binds to antibody causing rapid mitotic division
  • results in clone of identical B cell
  • most differentiate into effector B cells (plasma cells)
  • some become memory B cells
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15
Q

Features of Effector B cells

A
  • plasma cells
  • secrete large amounts of antibodies 2000/sec
  • all clones produce same antibody
  • short life span -> just a few days
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16
Q

Features of Memory B cells

A
  • stay dormant until contact with antigen -> produce more plasma cells and memory B cells
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17
Q

What are antibodies (immunoglobulins)

A
  • structures that react to antigens

- glycoprotein found in: blood serum (plasma protein) and liquid tissue

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18
Q

What are the 5 different classes of of immunoglobulins

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA 
IgE 
IgD
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19
Q

What is the diversity arises from somatic recombination hypothesis

A
  • rather than one static DNA sequence, multiple fragments are recombined to form individual genes
  • since 1 antibody requires multiple proteins, allows for multiple combinations
  • can also arise from mutations
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20
Q

What is the structure of antibodies

A
  • 2 heavy chains (3 constant regions, 1 variable region)
  • 2 light chains (1 constant, 1 variable)
  • 2 complement-binding sites
  • held together by various disulfide bonds
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21
Q

What is IgM

A

~10%
Blood
1st antibody produced in response to an antigen
Capacity to fix the complement

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22
Q

What is IgA

A

~15%
Milk, saliva, tears, colostrum, mucosa
Prevent penetration

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23
Q

What is IgD

A

~ trace amount
On surface of B cells
Fixes to antigen
Stimulates B cell to produce antibodies

24
Q

IgG

A

~70%
Common, blood and lymph
Only one to cross the placenta
Capacity to fix the complement

25
Q

What is IgE

A

~trace
Responsible for allergies
Associated with mast cells & basophils that release histamine

26
Q

What are the 4 pathways/ mechanism to incapacitate antigens so that they can be devoured by macrophages

A
  1. Neutralization (masks dangerous parts of bacterial neurotoxins; viruses)
  2. Agglutination (cell-bound antigens)
  3. Precipitation (soluble antigens)
  4. Complement
27
Q

What is the antigen presenting complex

A
  • protein complex
  • present on dendritic cells, macrophages, active B cells
  • their role is secondary ( present a antigen fragment to T cell, helps target cells for destruction and immune adaption)
28
Q

Quick recap of antigen presenting complex B-cell

A

Liver (foetus)
Red bone marrow (adult)
20- 30% circulate in the blood
Humoral immunity

29
Q

Quick recap of antigen presenting complex T-cells

A 
Born of the red bone marrow
Matures in the thymus
Becomes immunocompetent in the lymphoid organs (adult);
70-80% circulate in the blood
Cell mediated immune response
30
Q

Development of T-cells

A
  • lymphocytes travel to thymus and differentiate into thymocytes
  • rapidly divide (3/day) then migrate out of thymus and into T-dependent zones (in lymph nodes and spleen)
  • inactive or naive T cells
  • become active after contact with APC -> sensitized T cell
  • divide rapidly becoming clonal effector or memory T cells
  • effector T cells (include cytotoxic, helper, suppressor)
  • memory T cell ( migrate to red bone marrow, produce more T cells when activated)
31
Q

What are 3 types of T cells

A
  • Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
  • Helper T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
32
Q

How do cytotoxic (killer) T cells work

A

Bind to antigens, releass lymphotoxins to kill cells

33
Q

How do helper T cells work

A
  • regulate B cell and T cell function
  • release cytokines that stimulate lymphocytes, phagocytes, and other leukocytes
  • activated by antigens, form clones of both effector and memory T cells
34
Q

How do suppressor T cells

A
  • suppressor B cell differentiation, other T cells
  • maintain self-tolerance by reducing T cell responses to self antigens
  • allows for antagonistic control of immune response
  • help to restore homeostasis after immune response
35
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity

A

Via infection

Contact pathogen / direct

36
Q

What is naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Via mother

Transfer of antibody through the placenta or via breast milk

37
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity

A

Via immunization

Vaccine contain dead or attenuated virulent miccroorganisms

38
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity

A

Via injection of another host’s immune serum (antibodies)

39
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity

A

The degree of protection

40
Q

What is degree of protection with passive immunities

A

Short life (antibodies degrade)
B cells are not stimulated
Immunity memory is not established

41
Q

What is degree of protection with active immunity

A

T cells and B cells are stimulated

Immunity memory is established until degraded

42
Q

What is autograft

A

Graft of a tissue from one region to another same individual

43
Q

What is isograft

A

Graft where the donor is a genetically identical twin

44
Q

What is allograft

A

Graft of an individual of the same species (but not identical)

45
Q

What is xenograft

A

Graft of an individual of a different species

46
Q

What are allergies

A

Intense immune reaction accompanied by lesions in the tissues
- it is fighting against a considerable opponent

47
Q

What is an allergen

A

Antigen that does not trigger a normal reaction

48
Q

What are autoimmune disorders

A
  • loss of the capacity to distinguish between the self and non self
  • destruction of ones own tissues
49
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A
  • destruction of white matter (myelin) of the brain & spinal cord
  • features: vision problems, loss of muscle control, urinary incontinence
50
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A
  • block at the neuromuscular junction
  • absence of Ach receptors
  • Features: fatigue of muscles, difficulty in swallowing and speaking
51
Q

What is graves (Basedow) disease

A

-thyroid produces an excessive quantity of tyroxine (hyperthyroidism)
- features: sweating, loss of weight, exophtalmos
-

52
Q

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus

A
  • insulinodependant/ juvenile
  • destruction of B endocrine cells of the pancreas
  • features: insulin deficiency, not capable of metabolizing glucose
53
Q

What is systemic lupus erythematosus

A
  • self-harming immune response (DNA identification)
  • systemic disease (kidney, heart, lung, skin)
  • obtain: glomerulonephritis, vascular problems, painful arthritis
54
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A

Severely impaired kidney function

55
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • destruction and inflammation of the joints

- obtain: synovitis, ankylosis

56
Q

What is AIDS

A
  • acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • caused by immunodeficiency virus (HIV)= Retrovirus
  • has RNA that makes it’s own DNA in infected cell
  • target’s helper T cells, diminishing proper immune function
  • cancer, infections, can spread much faster
  • transmit by needle, breastfeeding, sex
  • rapid mutation hard to tx

A & P 2 (13 decks)

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