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Paramedic Conditions > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are strokes

1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

A

Two main types of strokes with an additional
Cerebral vascular accident
Transit steam attack
Brain bleed-subarachnoid hemorrhage
Embolonic, athletic sclerosis, brain bleed- all results in disruption of blood flow to the brain-. Causing ischemia
2) fast aVVV
FIVER WINDOW STROKE CENTRE

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2
Q

What are the main different types groups of epileptic seizure

1) examples of each group

A

1)Generalised seizures or 2) focal seizures

1) Tonic clonic MyoClonic Absence ect
2) simple focal or complex partial seizures

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3
Q

What is PNES (pyogenic non epileptic seizures)
1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

A

Lack of electricaln abnormalities rather a reaction to physiological of phycological stresses

Micceglss
Mouth closed - lack of tongue biting
Intense - fluctuating
Curveture - neck and spine
Cyanosis - lack of
Eyes - closed+ pupils pearl
GCS - higher ( hear or grip hand )
Tremors - rather than shock like movement
Intensity fluwuating

Reassurance and time and treat ABC

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4
Q

What is bells- palsy
1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

A

Unilateral paralysis of the face due to damage to the facial nerve normally due to virus
2) absence of nasolabial fold
Droop of mouth and eye
Dryness of eye and mouth of effected side
Loss of taste to 2/3 of anterior tongue

3) gets better by itself or with corizone steroids + give stroke nurse a call

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5
Q

What is meningitis
1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

A

Bacterial or viral infection that affects the meninges ( Dura pia arachnoid )

2) photophobia, neck stiffness ( bruvinski sign ) non blanchibg rash, mottled )

3) benzopencillin - prealert

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6
Q

What is a TIA
1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

A

TIA (transient ischemic attack) is a temporary blockage causing ischemia last less than 24 hours
2) same as stroke - fast
3) treat as stroke - as you can’t wait for 24 hours

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7
Q

Obstructive Stroke (CVA) have two different causes
What are they

A

Embolonic - plaque it clot from the body travel to the brain causing blockage
Thrombotic - clots or plaque forms in the brain causing blockage

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8
Q

What is a risk factor for CVA & why

A

Atrial fibrillation - as it caused a circulation of blood pool in the atrium causing clots that can move

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9
Q

What is the basic test for a stroke

A

Fast
F - face ( droop )
A- arms ( strength - weakness)
Speech - ( slurred)
T- time ( onset) - 5 hour window

Within 5 hour alert to stroke centre 🚨🚨

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10
Q

What is a berry aneurysm

A
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11
Q

What is a tonic clonic seizure (gran mal)
- symptoms

A

Stiffness (tonic) followed by shaking (Clonic)

  • incontinence
  • tongue biting
  • full body shaking
  • cyanosis
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12
Q

What is temporal arthritis

A
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13
Q

What is a migraine

A
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14
Q

What is a tension headache

A
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15
Q

What is a sinus headache

A
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16
Q

What is a cluster headache

A
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17
Q

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

A
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18
Q

What is a space occupying legion

A
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19
Q

What is carotid dissection

A
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20
Q

What is a focal seizure
2) what’s the difference between complex and partial seizures
3)bonus points what may focal seizures become ….

A

A seizure tha affect one hemisphere of the brain

2) complex = reduced awareness, simple = awareness commonly as a aura

3) focal seizures may intricate to generalised seizures

21
Q

What is guillain-barré syndrome

A
22
Q

What is lewy body dementia
1) pathophysiology
2) sign and symptoms

A
23
Q

What is cerebral palsy

A
24
Q

What is a syncope
What are the characteristics associated with Syncopy ( general )

A

Syncope is when there is a temporary lack of blood supply to the brain resulting in a LOC ( loss of consciousness)

2) fast onset
Spontaneous recovery
Short duration

25
Q

What are the three main overarching types of Syncopy

A

Reflex/ neural mediator syncope
Orthostatic hypotension syncope
Cardiac syncope

26
Q

What is classified as an reflex/ neural mediator based syncope ( there are 2 - what are they )

A

1)Vasovagal Syncopy which there is 3 orthostatic vasovagal, emotional vasovagal, situational vasovagal

2) carotid sinus syndrome

27
Q

What is vasovagal Syncopy - pathophysiology hint there are 3

A

Vasovagal Syncopy is LOC due to temporary loss of blood supply to the brain
1) orthostatic vasovagal due to position change ( commonly standing up)

2) emotional vasovagal due to pain or fear

3) situational vasovagal on specific actions ( swallowing deficacating coughing or microruation )

28
Q

What is syncope due to orthostatic hypotension hint there’s 3
Bonus point what is vasovagal orthostatic hypotension

A

Vasovagal orthostatic hypotension due to position change
But

1)Volume depictions = hemmorage/ D&V
2) drug induced - diuretic or vasodilation
3) autonomic failure - primary is old age or Parkinson diseases or secondary due to spinal injurys or diabetes

29
Q

What are the cardiac causes of syncope
Hint they are 3

A

1)Heart Structural defects
2)Arrhythmia
3)Great vessel defect

1) valvular problems ( stenosis ), hypotrophy or myocardial infarction

2) tachycardia eg PVT/ SVT or Bradycardia

3) AAA, PE, Aortic dissection

30
Q

What can you check in your history or assessment which will aid in the impression of vasovagal Syncopy

A

History - spefic trigger of pain, emotions, or swallowing pooing

Clinical signs of pallor, nausea,PT recognises they’re going to faint = try to hold something

31
Q

What can you check in your history or assessment which will aid in the impression of orthostatic hypotension based Syncopy

A

History = dizziness on standing
Reduced fluid intake or history of D&V
Any drug ingestion

2) assessment of postural drop of 20 systolic or 10 diastolic from sitting to standing

32
Q

What can you check in your history or assessment which will aid in the impression of cardiac syncope

A

History - chest pain, ACS pain, history of random DROP won’t try to catch themselves

2) ECG, feel for apex beat, auscultation of heart sounds

33
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease
1) pathophysiology
2) signs and symptoms
3) treatment

A

1) an irreversible condition whereby there’s a degeneration of neurons within the substantia Niagara ( par compactor) whom responsible for send signalsl to strium thus the release of dopamine this stimulates Cortex thus movement

Tremor - resting due to imbalance ( no weakness tho)
Cogwheel Rigidity - like a robot stop start

34
Q

What is Wernicke encephalopathy
1) pathophysiology
2) command symptoms ❄️❄️❄️
3) treatment plan

A

1) reduction in thyamine (destroyed liver = no storage, destroyed intestines = no absorption, no activation of thymine = reduction of glucose to brain

2) stride ( wide short paced gate = ataxia ), nystagmus ( cn6) , oblivious ( delirium, disorientated)

3) combat for IV thamine to prevent Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

35
Q

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
1) pathophysiology
2) command symptoms
3) treatment plan

A

1) chronic Wernicke encephalopathy due to reduced thyamine = neurons degeneration.

2) psychosis, amnesia ( old or new memory’s ) causing **confabulation ( making up story to fill gaps )

3) convay for thyamine

36
Q

What is alcohol withdrawal
1) pathophysiology
2) command symptoms
3) treatment plan

A

1) alcohol enhances gaba ( depressing) = prolonged usage = body overstimulates to antipate alcohol = no alcohol result withdrawal

2) agitation, deletium, tremors, clamminess, seizures, reduced GCS

3) convey

37
Q

What are the warning signs for severe alcohol withdrawal

A
  • Seizures
  • Tachtile disturbance( crawling )
  • visual ( hallucinations)
  • tremors
  • severe agitation

Any alcohol + head injury

38
Q

Any patient who is drunk - what should you do and what must you consider and check

A
  • Consider any risk for head injury causing symptoms or exaccibating
  • can PT maintain airway

If sure there’s no head injury and you have checked then discharge in care of responsible adult or convey

39
Q

How can you diagnose incomplicated vasovagal Syncopy

A

3 p’s

  • posture ( prolong standing or feeling of fainting
  • provoking factors ( eating vomiting, pain, fear, medical procedure)
  • prodromal( sweating or hot before loc)
40
Q

What are the 3 assessments you must conduct for patient with an LOC

A

-H2t
-12 lead ECG
- BP ( INDCUDING POSTRAL DROP)
- mobility test

41
Q

What is a generalised and focal seizures

A

1) generalised = affect both hemisphere

2) focal seizures = one hemisphere

42
Q

What are the different types of focal seizures

A

Simple
Complex partial focal seizures = lack of awareness

43
Q

What is an absent seizure
2) what types of seizures is it
3) signs and symptoms
4) command duration

A

Fixed body state
- eyes open ( staring blankely )
- unconscious

44
Q

What is a tonic seizure
2) what types of seizures is it
3) signs and symptoms
4) command duration

A

Tonic - stiffening of the muscles
- cry just before (air leaves by lungs)
Cyanosis

45
Q

What is a myotonic seizure
2) what types of seizures is it
3) signs and symptoms
4) common duration

A

Loss of muscle tone

46
Q

What is a complex partial focal seizure
2) what types of seizures is it
3) signs and symptoms
4) command duration

A

conscious/non - maybe aware
-Lips smacking
- picking up and dropping stuff
- chewing
- plucking at clothes
- rapid blinking

47
Q

What is a simple focal seizure
2) what types of seizures is it
3) signs and symptoms
4) common duration

A

**patient will be awake + aura **

  • pins and needles
  • strange smell / taste
  • localised muscle jerking
48
Q

What is encephalitis

A
49
Q

What is Cushing traid
- why is Cushing traid important/show

A

Bradycardia + irregular resps + hypertension

Major trauma to the brain = signs of increased ICP

Paramedic Conditions (16 decks)

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