Cardiovascular

Question 1

What is an Mi ( myocardial infarction)
Pathophysiology + Common symptoms

Answer 1

Pathophysiology - partial awful occlusion of the conrieties
Chest pain
Pain radiation to the back arms jaw or indigestion pain
Doesn’t work in on movement

Question 2

What is pericarditis
Pathophysiology + Common symptoms + treatment

Answer 2

Inflammation / bacteria affecting the sack surrounding the heart
2) Global st elevation with pr depression, pain elevates on forward movement but worsen on breathing

Question 3

What is angina (stable )
1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

Answer 3

1)Plaque in the cononary artery ( causes a slight blockage ) causes lack of blood flow BUT no heart damage
2) onset on excretion and relive at rest
Non radiating, no st elevation
3) GTN if indicators met

Question 4

What is angina (unstable)
1)Pathophysiology
2)Common symptoms
3) treatment

Answer 4

1) placque lining the cononary arteries causing reduction in blood flow
2) comes on @ random, radiating, no st elevation, no troponin
3 ) ACS bundle + convayance to ed

Question 5

What is ACS stand for
What condition come under acs

Answer 5

1) acute coronary syndrome
2)STEMI, NON STEMI, UNSTABLE angina
Non stable removed

Question 6

What is an NSTEMI🚨🚨🚨

Answer 6

partial occlusion of a cononary artery thus ischemia & CARDIAC DEATH
May show elevated q waves and st depression

Confirmed by troponin testing

Question 7

What is a STEMI 🚨🚨🚨

Answer 7

full occlusion of the coronary
Show ST elevation on ECG
must meet PPCI Criteria

Question 8

What are the sign and symptoms of a stemi / nSTEMI🚨🚨🚨🚨

Answer 8

Sob
Chest pain - radiating to arm/ jaw
Sweaty - diaphoresis
Nausea and vomiting
Indigestion

Question 9

Pathophysiology of STEMI /NSTEMI/ MI

Answer 9

Blockage to heart
ischaemia felt by the heart cells
Pain

Question 10

What are the 12 lead ECG boxes stand for ( lead views)

Answer 10

Lateral - L1 avl v5 V6
Inferior - L2, L3 avf
Septal - v1, V2
Anterior- v3, v4
Non - avr

Question 11

What is PPCI criteria for STEMI 🚨🚨

Answer 11

Limb lead - 2+ lead with elevation in 1 small box plus

Chest lead - 2+ lead with elevation in 2 small boxes plus

Question 12

What should be suspected if st depression is seen in the inferior lead
1) inferior lead cover what
2) suspected is
3) test we can conduct

Answer 12

1) L2 L3 AVF
2) posterior MI
3) V7, V8 ,V9 - if at elevation seen in those lead then confirmed posterior mi

Question 13

What test should be conducted if ST elevation is seen in the inferior lead
1) what are inferior leads
2) answer to question
3) why - what does this now mean we can’t ….

Answer 13

1) L2, L3 , AVF
2) V4R , take v4 and place on right side same spot.
3) if ST elevation see this mean right sided involvement (RMCA) therefore don’t give GTN due to high risk of bp drop therefore cardiac arrest

Question 14

What drug should be given to patients experiencing an MI 🚨🚨🚨

Answer 14

GTN , ASPIRIN AND MORPHINE

Question 15

What is heart failure (basic)
1) pathophysiology
2) sign and symptoms
3) treatment

Answer 15

1) ineffective of heart to pump blood leading to poor pressure - blood water seeps out of blood into tissue
2) sob, putting odema, bubbling in lungs
3) sit up, fursomide, GTN

Question 16

1) what is chronic heart failure

2) types of heart failure and where is the back up.
3) symptoms

Answer 16

1)heart has fatigued over time or has a mechanical problem - to compensate for lack of blood flow - speed up = less time to fill = congestion

2) left - back into lungs ( crackles in lungs )
right - backs into normal circulation ( odema sacral/ legs / raised JVD.

3) sob, chest pain, fatigue, odema, crackles, JVD

Question 17

What are two sign that are worrying with heart failure patients

Answer 17

1) orthostatic - sob on lighting flat
2) waking up in the night due to sob

Question 18

What is acute heart failure

Answer 18

Acute heart failure
Sudden sob or increase due to pulmonary odema
Sudden increase in peripheral odema

Question 19

When should you consider transfer to urgent care in heart failure

Answer 19

PT. - rr above 25 or sats below 90 ( ? Gtn / furmide ) if PT is showing cardiogrnic shock - Bp below 90 - pre alert 🚨

Question 20

Heart failure can be commonly mistaken for pneumonia or COPD - what should u look for

Answer 20

Sleep - sitting up due to dysponia
Phutum - pink and frothy

Question 21

What is cardiac hypertrophic myopathy

Answer 21

Genetic condition causing thicking of the heart muscle

Question 22

What is cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 22

Thickening of the heart muscle
Causes - anything that makes it work harder
Hypertension
Narrow valve
Athletics ( intense )

Question 23

What is myocarditis
Pathophysiology + Common symptoms + treatment

Answer 23

1)Inflammation off the muscle part of the heart

Question 24

What is endocarditis
Pathophysiology + Common symptoms + treatment

Answer 24

1) bacterial infection of the inner lying of the heart or valves

Question 25

What is hypercalcaemia

Answer 25

Build-up of calcium in the blood

Symptoms of headaches
increased urination and thirst palpitations
confusion
D&V

Question 26

What is hypercalcaemia

Answer 26

Build-up of calcium in the blood

Symptoms of headaches
increased urination and thirst palpitations
confusion
D&V

Question 27

What is chest pleurisy

Question 28

What is gastric reflux

Question 29

What are the 4 different types of patients in heart failure - though assessment

Answer 29

Warm and wet
Cold and wet
Warm and dry
Cold and dry