Neuro

Question 1

Ach receptors

Answer 1

Muscarinic in post ganglionic para and symp for sweat only
Smooth muscle,glands and brain,
GPCR, blocked by atropine
Nicotinic for pre ganglionic both
In NMJ, autonomic ganglia and CNS
Ligand gated sodium ion channels
(Post ganglionic symp is Noradr)

Question 2

ACh termination from synaptic cleft

Answer 2

1. Diffusion
2. Catabolism by pseudocholinesterase
3. Acetylcholinesterase in post synaptic membrane
4. Reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal

Question 3

Noradrenergic nerves stimulation and termination

Answer 3

In granulated vesicles in nerve
Released by exocytosis
Acts on postsynaptic
Terminated by:
Reuptake to pre synaptic and by MAO
Catabolised by COMT in synaptic cleft

Question 4

Stretch reflex

Answer 4

Stretch
Muscle spindle activated
1a fibre to dorsal
Alpha motor neuron glutamate
Ventral back to effector
Inhibition antagonistic muscle
Monosynaptic

Question 5

Dorsal column

Answer 5

Fine touch, vibration ans proprioception
Ipsiliateral until medulla
Synapse at cuneate and gracilis nuclei in medulla
Ascend medial leminiscus until thalamus (ventral posterior lateral nucleus) synapse again

Question 6

Ventral STT

Answer 6

Pain and temp
Crosses at level in spinal cord
Synapses there in stt
Up to thalamus ventro posterior lateral nucleus and synapses

Question 7

UMN vs LMN

Answer 7

UMN - initially flacid then spasicity, clonus, plantars up (CST)
LMN - fasciculations, hypotonia, no reflexes

Question 8

Visual near response

Answer 8

Accomodation
Visual axis convergence
Pupillary construction

Question 9

Light enters eye

Answer 9

Through cornea to retina
Rods and cones
Bipolar cells
Optic nerve
Chiasm
Optic tract
LGN

Question 10

Decerebrate vs decorticate

Answer 10

Decerebrate - extension, due to unnoposed reticulospinal extension, from mid collicular trnasection (below red nucleus), cause eg uncal herniation
Decorticate - arms flexed from rubrospinal and legs extended, from lesion above red nucleus, can become decerebrate, on hemiplegic side after haemorrhage or thrombosis internal capsule

Question 11

Components basal ganglia

Answer 11

Striatum
Putamen
Globus palidus
Substantia nigra
Caudate nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus
Nucleus accumbens

Question 12

Parasynpathetic cranial nerves

Answer 12

3,7,9,10

3 - from 2, to edibger westphal nucleus (midbrain), to ciliary ganglia (construction)
7 - splenopalatine ganglion -> lacrimal gland nasal glands
Submandib ganglion to submandib and subling gland s
9- otic ganglion to parotid causing saliva

Question 13

Fuel for cardiomyocytes

Answer 13

Fatty acids when resting

Question 14

Where is calcium in smooth muscle

Answer 14

Extra cellular (rather than sr in skeletal)

Question 15

Smooth muscle contraction

Answer 15

Ach to muscarinic
Calcium influx
Activation calmodulin dependant light chain kinase
Phosphorykation myosin (no troponin)
Increased myosin ATPase activity
Binding myosin to actin
Contraction

Question 16

Neurotransmitters and smooth muscle activation

Answer 16

ACh - contraction (decreses potential and increases spike frequency)
Noradrenaline - relaxation (increased potential, decreases spike)

20% of myosin and 100% less atp in smooth than skeletal but similar force, slower contraction

Stretch causes contraction in abscence innervation

Question 17

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Answer 17

M - GPCR slow, smooth muscle and glands e.g. sweat iris and parasynpathetic smooth muscle
N - ligand gated and pre synaptic both and to adrenal plus somatic to skeletal muscle

Question 18

Dorsal column

Answer 18

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception
Medulla
Synapse in gracillus and cuneate nuclei
Cross midline in medulla
Ascend medial lemniscus
Vpl nucleus thalamus
To cerebral and somatosensoet nuclei

Question 19

Ventrolateral spinothalamic tract

Answer 19

Pain and temp
A delta and c
Glutamate and substance p
Crosses at level or 1/2 up
VPL nucleus and synapses

Question 20

Ear bones

Answer 20

M - tm tensoe tympani oulls mediallh
I
S - attached oval window stapedius pulls foot plate of stapes out of oval window

Question 21

Hair cells

Answer 21

In cochlea for hearing and semicirc for balance
Organ of corti - hearing
Urticle - horizontal acceleration
Saccule verticle acceleration

High k in endolymph, resting potential -60

Question 22

Tympanic reflex

Answer 22

Tensor tympani and stapedius contract
Inhibits strong sound conduction

Question 23

Central auditory pathway

Answer 23

Viii to dorsal and vent cochlear nuclei in bs
To inferior colliculus in midbrain
To thalamus and auditory cortex tenporal lobe

Question 24

Hearing loss

Answer 24

Conductive e.g. wax
Rinnie bone greater than air
Weber to affected side

Sensoruneural e.g. hair call dysfunction / aminoglycosides
Rinnie air greatee than bone
Weber to other side (unnafected)

Question 25

Ear inside functiom

Answer 25

Cochlea hearing round window
Vestibule static balance oval window to stapes
Semi circ kinetic balance

Question 26

Inhibitory neurotransmitter spinal cord

Answer 26

Glycine

Question 27

Cotransmitters noradrenaline

Answer 27

ATP
neuropeptide y

Question 28

Brodmann area 17

Answer 28

Primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe

Question 29

Sweat gland innervation

Answer 29

Sympathetic
Ach on muscarinic

Question 30

Herring bodies

Answer 30

Contain adh and oxytocin
Secretory vesicles post pituitary