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Part 1 Physiology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Saliva

A

1.5L/d
hypotonic
pH 7
amylase and lipase
secreted by acinar cells
(duct cells secrete bicarb)

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2
Q

Parietal and chief cells

A

parietal - HCl and intinsic factor
Chief - pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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3
Q

Stimulation gastric secretion

A

vagal/ stretch -> gastrin from G cells antrum -> chief, parietal + ECF
ECF -> release histamine –> H2 on parietal
ACh to fundus -> parietal

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4
Q

Somatostatin release

A

due to acid entering duodenum
inhibits parietal and chief
slows GIT
inhibits insulin, glucagon and GH

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5
Q

Pancreatic secretion

A

1.5L/d
pH8
enzymes stored in zymogen granules in alveolar glands/ acinar cells

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6
Q

Secretin

A

from s cells duodenum
HCO3 secretion ductal cells pancreas
inhibits gastric acid
Gallbladder contraction
stimulates insulin
best buds with CCK

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7
Q

CCK

A

from I cells small intestine
with ACH stimulates cells to release zymogen granules
gallbladder contraction
relaxes sphncter Oddi
inhibits gastric emptying
satiety

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8
Q

Bile

A

500ml secreted day
97% water in liver
89% in gallbladder
water, salts, pigment, cholesterol, fatty acids, ALP
for fat emulsification and cholesterol excretion
95% recycled

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9
Q

Bile salts

A

primary - cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
secondary - deoxycholic acid (reabsorbed colon) and lithocholic acid (excreted)

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10
Q

GI fluid balance

A

2000ml ingested + 7000ml secretions
98% reabsorbed
5500 jejenum
2000 ileum
1300 colon
200 in stool

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11
Q

Glucose absorption

A

Sodium dependant SGLT1 secondary active transport

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12
Q

Water resorption mechanism GIT

A

Na/H exchanger and Cl/HCO3 exchanger, water follows
in low Na diet ENAC upregulated colon

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13
Q

GIP

A

From K cells intestinal mucosa
stimulated by fat, glucose and acid
inhibits acid and gastric motility
stimulates insulin

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14
Q

K and Cl loss

A

Cl Na/K/2Cl cotransporter
K in colon with mucous

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15
Q

Gastrin activators

A

GI distention, polypeptides
vagal stimulation via gastrin releasing peptide
calcium, adrenaline

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16
Q

Gastrin inhibitors

A

acid, somatostatin
secretin, GIP +VIP, glucagon, calcitonin

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17
Q

VIP

A

not a hormone
stimulates intestinal secretion electrolytes + water
Inhibits gastric acid
relaxes muscles, dilates vessels

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18
Q

Motilin

A

from ECF + rest GIT
levels rise between meals
contraction stomach + GIT

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19
Q

Fructose transport to blood

A

into cell GLUT5
into blood GLUT2
Fascilitated diffusion

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20
Q

glucose and galactose into blood

A

SGLT1+2 into cell secondary active transport with Na
GLUT2 into blood (facilitated diffusion)

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21
Q

Endopeptidases

A

break down proteins
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

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22
Q

Trypsin activator

A

enteropeptidase

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23
Q

Exopeptidases

A

carboxypeptidase - breaks down terminal AA in protein digestion

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24
Q

location protein digestion

A

fast duodenum and jejenum
slow ileum

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25
Q

Breast milk immunoglobulin

A

IgA

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26
Q

Micelle

A

formed from bile salts, lecithin and monoglycerides surrounding fatty acids and cholesterol

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27
Q

Cholesterol esterase

A

activated by bile salts
breaks down triglycerides, cholesterol esters, fat soluble vitamins, phospholipids

28
Q

Lipid absorbtion

A

into cell
if <12 carbon then into blood
if >12reesterified in sER to triglycerides and exocytosed as chylomicrons

29
Q

Vitamin absorbtion

A

ADEK in micells following break down by cholesterol esterases
Others upper SI Na cotransporters
B12 ilium bound to intrinsic factor (Na independent, also folate)

30
Q

Calcium absorbtion

A

300-80% absorbed
inc by 1,25DHC
fascilitated by proteins
inh by phosphate and oxalates

31
Q

Iron absorbtion

A

3-6% absorbed
duodenum as ferrous Fe2+
into cell DMT1
out by ferroportin 1
back to ferric Fe3+ and bound to transferrin

32
Q

Location iron

A

70% hb
27% ferritin
3% myoglobin
tiny mount on transferrin

33
Q

metabolic rate

A

amount of energy liberated/ unit time

34
Q

efficiency

A

work done/ total energy expended

35
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

CO2 produced : O2 used
CHO + brain 1
Protein + body 0.8
Fat 0.7
Stomach -ve
inc with hyperventilation, acidosis and exercise

36
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

negative if not enough protein

37
Q

Vitamin A

A

night blindness and dry skin

38
Q

B1 thiamine

A

beriberi, neuritis

39
Q

B2 riboflavin

A

glossitis, cheilitis

40
Q

B3 niacin

A

pellegra - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea

41
Q

B6 pyridoxime

A

convulsions, irritability, peripheral neuropathy
can be caused by isoniazid

42
Q

Folate

A

anaemia, neural tube defect

43
Q

B12 cyanocobalomin

A

pernicious anaemia, peripheral neuropathy

44
Q

GI stretch

A

serotonin release
retrograde cholinergic -> substance P and ACh release (contract)
Anterograde -> NO and VIP release (relax)

45
Q

Length SI

A

duodenum 25cm
jejenum and ilium 250cm

46
Q

Basic electrical rhythm

A

pacemaker cells coordinating peristalsis
-45 to -65
depolarise Ca influx
repolarise K efflux

47
Q

Migrating motor complex

A

during periods fasting every 100m

48
Q

Nerves of swallowing

A

V IX X to NTS and nucleus ambiguous
Out V VII XII

49
Q

Rate of emptying stomach by food type

A

fat - slow
protein - mid
CHO - fast

50
Q

Food transit time GIT

A

Mouth to colon 4-8h
Asc colon - 6h
transverse - 9h
Desc - 12h

51
Q

Acinus zones

A

1 - portal triad, most O2
2
3 venule, least O2

52
Q

Nerves to portal vein

A

T3-11 and splanchnic symp
no parasymp to liver

53
Q

Detoxification liver phases

A

1 - redox and hydroxylation
2 - esterification

54
Q

Unconjugated vs conj jaundice

A

un - pre hepatic e.g. excess bilirubin
conj - after glucoronyl transferase
decreased bile secretion or obstruction
in ALP and cholesterol

55
Q

Poo

A

200-250mls/day
75% water
25% solid material - 30% of which bacteria

56
Q

nutritionally essential AAs

A

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, arginine, histidine

57
Q

Cobalt deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

58
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Ulcers
Immune defic
Hypogonadal dwarfism
Recurrent diarhoea
Rept infections
Acrodermatitis

59
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Spinocerebellar degeneration

60
Q

Vitamin B1 deficiency

A

Wernicke
Wet and dry beriberi

61
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

Pellegra

62
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Cardiomyopathy and myopathy

63
Q

Copper deficiency

A

Muscle weakness
Neurological deficit
Abnormal collagen crosslinking

64
Q

Where are short chain fatty acids absorbed

A

Colon (where they are formed) less than 6 carbons

65
Q

Transport of FFAs in blood

A

Bound to albumin

66
Q

Where are chylomicrons recycled

A

Liver

67
Q

Mineral absorption facilitated by protein

A

Magnesium and calcium

Part 1 Physiology (10 decks)

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