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Part 1 Physiology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Saliva

A

1.5L/d
hypotonic
pH 7
amylase and lipase
secreted by acinar cells
(duct cells secrete bicarb)

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2
Q

Parietal and chief cells

A

parietal - HCl and intinsic factor
Chief - pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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3
Q

Stimulation gastric secretion

A

vagal/ stretch -> gastrin from G cells antrum -> chief, parietal + ECF
ECF -> release histamine –> H2 on parietal
ACh to fundus -> parietal

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4
Q

Somatostatin release

A

due to acid entering duodenum
inhibits parietal and chief
slows GIT
inhibits insulin, glucagon and GH

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5
Q

Pancreatic secretion

A

1.5L/d
pH8
enzymes stored in zymogen granules in alveolar glands/ acinar cells

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6
Q

Secretin

A

from s cells duodenum
HCO3 secretion ductal cells pancreas
inhibits gastric acid
Gallbladder contraction
stimulates insulin
best buds with CCK

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7
Q

CCK

A

from I cells small intestine
with ACH stimulates cells to release zymogen granules
gallbladder contraction
relaxes sphncter Oddi
inhibits gastric emptying
satiety

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8
Q

Bile

A

500ml secreted day
97% water in liver
89% in gallbladder
water, salts, pigment, cholesterol, fatty acids, ALP
for fat emulsification and cholesterol excretion
95% recycled

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9
Q

Bile salts

A

primary - cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
secondary - deoxycholic acid (reabsorbed colon) and lithocholic acid (excreted)

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10
Q

GI fluid balance

A

2000ml ingested + 7000ml secretions
98% reabsorbed
5500 jejenum
2000 ileum
1300 colon
200 in stool

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11
Q

Glucose absorption

A

Sodium dependant SGLT1 secondary active transport

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12
Q

Water resorption mechanism GIT

A

Na/H exchanger and Cl/HCO3 exchanger, water follows
in low Na diet ENAC upregulated colon

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13
Q

GIP

A

From K cells intestinal mucosa
stimulated by fat, glucose and acid
inhibits acid and gastric motility
stimulates insulin

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14
Q

K and Cl loss

A

Cl Na/K/2Cl cotransporter
K in colon with mucous

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15
Q

Gastrin activators

A

GI distention, polypeptides
vagal stimulation via gastrin releasing peptide
calcium, adrenaline

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16
Q

Gastrin inhibitors

A

acid, somatostatin
secretin, GIP +VIP, glucagon, calcitonin

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17
Q

VIP

A

not a hormone
stimulates intestinal secretion electrolytes + water
Inhibits gastric acid
relaxes muscles, dilates vessels

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18
Q

Motilin

A

from ECF + rest GIT
levels rise between meals
contraction stomach + GIT

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19
Q

Fructose transport to blood

A

into cell GLUT5
into blood GLUT2
Fascilitated diffusion

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20
Q

glucose and galactose into blood

A

SGLT1+2 into cell secondary active transport with Na
GLUT2 into blood (facilitated diffusion)

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21
Q

Endopeptidases

A

break down proteins
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

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22
Q

Trypsin activator

A

enteropeptidase

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23
Q

Exopeptidases

A

carboxypeptidase - breaks down terminal AA in protein digestion

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24
Q

location protein digestion

A

fast duodenum and jejenum
slow ileum

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25
Breast milk immunoglobulin
IgA
26
Micelle
formed from bile salts, lecithin and monoglycerides surrounding fatty acids and cholesterol
27
Cholesterol esterase
activated by bile salts breaks down triglycerides, cholesterol esters, fat soluble vitamins, phospholipids
28
Lipid absorbtion
into cell if <12 carbon then into blood if >12reesterified in sER to triglycerides and exocytosed as chylomicrons
29
Vitamin absorbtion
ADEK in micells following break down by cholesterol esterases Others upper SI Na cotransporters B12 ilium bound to intrinsic factor (Na independent, also folate)
30
Calcium absorbtion
300-80% absorbed inc by 1,25DHC fascilitated by proteins inh by phosphate and oxalates
31
Iron absorbtion
3-6% absorbed duodenum as ferrous Fe2+ into cell DMT1 out by ferroportin 1 back to ferric Fe3+ and bound to transferrin
32
Location iron
70% hb 27% ferritin 3% myoglobin tiny mount on transferrin
33
metabolic rate
amount of energy liberated/ unit time
34
efficiency
work done/ total energy expended
35
Respiratory quotient
CO2 produced : O2 used CHO + brain 1 Protein + body 0.8 Fat 0.7 Stomach -ve inc with hyperventilation, acidosis and exercise
36
Nitrogen balance
negative if not enough protein
37
Vitamin A
night blindness and dry skin
38
B1 thiamine
beriberi, neuritis
39
B2 riboflavin
glossitis, cheilitis
40
B3 niacin
pellegra - dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea
41
B6 pyridoxime
convulsions, irritability, peripheral neuropathy can be caused by isoniazid
42
Folate
anaemia, neural tube defect
43
B12 cyanocobalomin
pernicious anaemia, peripheral neuropathy
44
GI stretch
serotonin release retrograde cholinergic -> substance P and ACh release (contract) Anterograde -> NO and VIP release (relax)
45
Length SI
duodenum 25cm jejenum and ilium 250cm
46
Basic electrical rhythm
pacemaker cells coordinating peristalsis -45 to -65 depolarise Ca influx repolarise K efflux
47
Migrating motor complex
during periods fasting every 100m
48
Nerves of swallowing
V IX X to NTS and nucleus ambiguous Out V VII XII
49
Rate of emptying stomach by food type
fat - slow protein - mid CHO - fast
50
Food transit time GIT
Mouth to colon 4-8h Asc colon - 6h transverse - 9h Desc - 12h
51
Acinus zones
1 - portal triad, most O2 2 3 venule, least O2
52
Nerves to portal vein
T3-11 and splanchnic symp no parasymp to liver
53
Detoxification liver phases
1 - redox and hydroxylation 2 - esterification
54
Unconjugated vs conj jaundice
un - pre hepatic e.g. excess bilirubin conj - after glucoronyl transferase decreased bile secretion or obstruction in ALP and cholesterol
55
Poo
200-250mls/day 75% water 25% solid material - 30% of which bacteria
56
nutritionally essential AAs
Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Threonine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, arginine, histidine
57
Cobalt deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia
58
Zinc deficiency
Ulcers Immune defic Hypogonadal dwarfism Recurrent diarhoea Rept infections Acrodermatitis
59
Vitamin E deficiency
Spinocerebellar degeneration
60
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Wernicke Wet and dry beriberi
61
Niacin deficiency
Pellegra
62
Selenium deficiency
Cardiomyopathy and myopathy
63
Copper deficiency
Muscle weakness Neurological deficit Abnormal collagen crosslinking
64
Where are short chain fatty acids absorbed
Colon (where they are formed) less than 6 carbons
65
Transport of FFAs in blood
Bound to albumin
66
Where are chylomicrons recycled
Liver
67
Mineral absorption facilitated by protein
Magnesium and calcium

Part 1 Physiology (10 decks)

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