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Part 1 Physiology > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Thalamus

A

gateway to cortex
all projecting neurons excitatory (glutamate)

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2
Q

Cortex cells

A

Has 6 layers
Pyramidal cells in all except II - excitatory (glutamate)
Stellate - level IV sensory input
Interneurons
Inhibitory interneurons (basket and chandelier) - GABA, terminate on pyramidal

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3
Q

Reticular formation

A

Related to level of arousal (RAS)
surrounds 4th vent and cerebral aqueduct
Cell bodies for Norad, seratonergic and cholinergic

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4
Q

Evoked cortical potential

A

primary - specific to locatin, first small positive and then negative
secondary - large positive, less specific

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5
Q

Brain waves

A

delta - 0-4 deep sleep dreamless
Theta - 4-8 REM deep meditation
Alpha - 8-13 awake and chilled
Beta - 13-30 awake concentrated
Gamma - >30 multi processing

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters and sleep

A

sleep brainstem (REM) - decreased norad and seratonin, more ACh
Hypothalamus - increased GABA, decreased histamine

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7
Q

Brain areas motor planning

A

primary motor - action
supplemetary motor - planning
premotor - posture

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8
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Lateral - crosses medulla, fine motor control distal (80%)
Ventral - cross at level, proximal muscle posture (20%)

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9
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

From motor cortex to motor neurons V, VII, XI through internal capsule
Controla movement head and neck
Pyramidal tract

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10
Q

Mid brain function

A

vision, hearing, temp, motor, sleep and arousal

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11
Q

Pons function

A

CN V-VIII
pneumotaxic
sensory to thalamus
signals from brain to cerebellum and medulla

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12
Q

medulla

A

autonomic function

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13
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory, motor and limbic system
LGN visual
MGN auditory

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14
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

superior - deep brainstem to red nucleus, brainstem and thalamus
Middle - afferent fibres from contralateral pontine nuclei
Inferior - afferent from BS and spinal cord, efferent to vestibular nuclei in medulla and pons

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15
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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16
Q

Cerebellar fibres

A

climbing - excitatory in deep, input from inf olivary proprioceptive, output to purkinje
mossy - from pontine lat retic nucleus to granular and golgi cells

both excitatory and proprioceptive climbing >mossy

17
Q

Divisions cerebellum

A

vestibulo (floculonodular) - equilibrium and eye movements
spino - smooth and coordinated movement
cerebro - with motor cortex for planning

18
Q

Parasymp nuclei

A

III - edinger westphal - ciliary ganglia
VII - sphenopalatine gang to lacrimal and nasal, submand gang to submand and subling glands
IX - otic ganglion to parotid
X
S2-4

19
Q

Atropine

A

anticholinergic
hot as a hare etc
tx physostigmine

20
Q

organophosphate

A

cholinergic
miosis, d andv, bronchoconstrict, brady
tx atropine, pralidoxime

21
Q

Sympathetic only innervatin

A

liver, adrenal medulla, adipose, sweat, kidney, vessels (para via NO)

22
Q

Hypothalamus functino

A

temp and chemical consistency
with limbic system for emotion
lateral to thalamus

23
Q

Post pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin
from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei hypothalamus
from magnocellular neurons

24
Q

Ant pituitary

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

25
Q

Thirst

A

osmoreceptors on ant hypothalamus t hypertonicity
and barreeptors in cartotid sinus and artic arch to hypovolaemia
to hypothalamus for thirst

26
Q

Oxytocin

A

GPCR in breast and uterus
Uterus receptos increase in late pregnancy
Inhibited by progesterone
Activated by oestrogen

27
Q

Afferents temp to hypothalamus

A

20% each
spinal cord
deep tissue
skin
Brain
hypothalamus

28
Q

Fever how it happens

A

Edndotoxins release cytokines
Activates preoptic hypothalamus which releases prostoglandins
These cause raised temp
(aspirin decreased temp by working on prostoglandins)

Fever stops microorganism growth and helps antibody production

29
Q

Explicit memory

A

Facts
Semantic or episodic
stored in medical temporal lobe and hippocampus

30
Q

Implicit memory

A

primary - neocortex
procedural - striatum
asociative - amygdala and cerebellum
non associative - multiple

31
Q

Short vs long term memory

A

Short - hippocampus
Working - central exec of prefrontal cortex, verbal and visiospatial input
Long term - neocortex

32
Q

Creating memory

A

hippocamus –> mamillary bodies in limbic system –> halamus (via mammillothalamic tract) –> prefrontal cortex –> basal forebrain –> cholinergic projections to neocortex (lost in alzheimers)

33
Q

Decorticate and decerebrate

A

Decorticate gcs3 flexion rubrospinal, above red nucleus
Decerebrate gcs2 reticilospinal

Part 1 Physiology (10 decks)

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