Brain

Question 1

Thalamus

Answer 1

gateway to cortex
all projecting neurons excitatory (glutamate)

Question 2

Cortex cells

Answer 2

Has 6 layers
Pyramidal cells in all except II - excitatory (glutamate)
Stellate - level IV sensory input
Interneurons
Inhibitory interneurons (basket and chandelier) - GABA, terminate on pyramidal

Question 3

Reticular formation

Answer 3

Related to level of arousal (RAS)
surrounds 4th vent and cerebral aqueduct
Cell bodies for Norad, seratonergic and cholinergic

Question 4

Evoked cortical potential

Answer 4

primary - specific to locatin, first small positive and then negative
secondary - large positive, less specific

Question 5

Brain waves

Answer 5

delta - 0-4 deep sleep dreamless
Theta - 4-8 REM deep meditation
Alpha - 8-13 awake and chilled
Beta - 13-30 awake concentrated
Gamma - >30 multi processing

Question 6

Neurotransmitters and sleep

Answer 6

sleep brainstem (REM) - decreased norad and seratonin, more ACh
Hypothalamus - increased GABA, decreased histamine

Question 7

Brain areas motor planning

Answer 7

primary motor - action
supplemetary motor - planning
premotor - posture

Question 8

Corticospinal tract

Answer 8

Lateral - crosses medulla, fine motor control distal (80%)
Ventral - cross at level, proximal muscle posture (20%)

Question 9

Corticobulbar tract

Answer 9

From motor cortex to motor neurons V, VII, XI through internal capsule
Controla movement head and neck
Pyramidal tract

Question 10

Mid brain function

Answer 10

vision, hearing, temp, motor, sleep and arousal

Question 11

Pons function

Answer 11

CN V-VIII
pneumotaxic
sensory to thalamus
signals from brain to cerebellum and medulla

Question 12

medulla

Answer 12

autonomic function

Question 13

Thalamus

Answer 13

sensory, motor and limbic system
LGN visual
MGN auditory

Question 14

Cerebellar peduncles

Answer 14

superior - deep brainstem to red nucleus, brainstem and thalamus
Middle - afferent fibres from contralateral pontine nuclei
Inferior - afferent from BS and spinal cord, efferent to vestibular nuclei in medulla and pons

Question 15

Brainstem

Answer 15

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 16

Cerebellar fibres

Answer 16

climbing - excitatory in deep, input from inf olivary proprioceptive, output to purkinje
mossy - from pontine lat retic nucleus to granular and golgi cells

both excitatory and proprioceptive climbing >mossy

Question 17

Divisions cerebellum

Answer 17

vestibulo (floculonodular) - equilibrium and eye movements
spino - smooth and coordinated movement
cerebro - with motor cortex for planning

Question 18

Parasymp nuclei

Answer 18

III - edinger westphal - ciliary ganglia
VII - sphenopalatine gang to lacrimal and nasal, submand gang to submand and subling glands
IX - otic ganglion to parotid
X
S2-4

Question 19

Atropine

Answer 19

anticholinergic
hot as a hare etc
tx physostigmine

Question 20

organophosphate

Answer 20

cholinergic
miosis, d andv, bronchoconstrict, brady
tx atropine, pralidoxime

Question 21

Sympathetic only innervatin

Answer 21

liver, adrenal medulla, adipose, sweat, kidney, vessels (para via NO)

Question 22

Hypothalamus functino

Answer 22

temp and chemical consistency
with limbic system for emotion
lateral to thalamus

Question 23

Post pituitary

Answer 23

ADH and oxytocin
from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei hypothalamus
from magnocellular neurons

Question 24

Ant pituitary

Answer 24

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH

Question 25

Thirst

Answer 25

osmoreceptors on ant hypothalamus t hypertonicity and barreeptors in cartotid sinus and artic arch to hypovolaemia to hypothalamus for thirst

Question 26

Oxytocin

Answer 26

GPCR in breast and uterus Uterus receptos increase in late pregnancy Inhibited by progesterone Activated by oestrogen

Question 27

Afferents temp to hypothalamus

Answer 27

20% each spinal cord deep tissue skin Brain hypothalamus

Question 28

Fever how it happens

Answer 28

Edndotoxins release cytokines Activates preoptic hypothalamus which releases prostoglandins These cause raised temp (aspirin decreased temp by working on prostoglandins) Fever stops microorganism growth and helps antibody production

Question 29

Explicit memory

Answer 29

Facts Semantic or episodic stored in medical temporal lobe and hippocampus

Question 30

Implicit memory

Answer 30

primary - neocortex procedural - striatum asociative - amygdala and cerebellum non associative - multiple

Question 31

Short vs long term memory

Answer 31

Short - hippocampus Working - central exec of prefrontal cortex, verbal and visiospatial input Long term - neocortex

Question 32

Creating memory

Answer 32

hippocamus --> mamillary bodies in limbic system --> halamus (via mammillothalamic tract) --> prefrontal cortex --> basal forebrain --> cholinergic projections to neocortex (lost in alzheimers)

Question 33

Decorticate and decerebrate

Answer 33

Decorticate gcs3 flexion rubrospinal, above red nucleus Decerebrate gcs2 reticilospinal