Endocrine

Question 1

21beta hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 1

Decreased cortisol and aldosterone
Decreased na and hypovolaemia
Increased androgens

Question 2

17alphs hydroxylase

Answer 2

Adrenal enzyme sex hormone production
In deficiency increased bp, hypokalaemia

Question 3

Hormones calcium homeostasis

Answer 3

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
- vit D synth, intestinal ca absorbtion
Parathyroid hormon
- mobilised ca from bone. Urinary phosphate excretion
Calcitonin
- secreted from parafollicular cells of thyroid, inhibits bone resorbtion

Question 4

Growth hormone functions

Answer 4

Sodium retention
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Lipolysis
Protein synthesis
Epiphyseal growth

Question 5

IGF1 functions

Answer 5

Insulin like activity
Antililolytic

Same as GH
Protein synthesis
Epiphyseal growth

Question 6

Activators inhibitors GH

Answer 6

Activatirs:
Starvation
Stress
AAs e.g. protein meal
Oestrogen and androgens
Going to sleep
Glucagon

Inhibitors
REM
glucose
FFAs
Methoxyprogesterone
GH and IGF1
Somatostatin, ghrelin

Question 7

Increased tsh does not increase o2 consumption in which organs

Answer 7

Spleen
Testes
Brain
Uterus
Lymoh nodes
Ant pit

Question 8

how much protein bound cortisol and aldosterone

Answer 8

cortisol v - cbg
aldosterone not

Question 9

haematological effects cortisol

Answer 9

increased Hb, platelets, neutrophils
decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils

Question 10

glucocorticoid effect other hormones

Answer 10

inhibits ADH
decreased TSH and GH

Question 11

Activators aldosterone

Answer 11

Renin
hyperkalaemia
hyponatraemia
Standing
decreased baroreceptor activation

Question 12

Mechanism aldosterone

Answer 12

binds receptor heat shock protein
regulates transcription
acts on p cells collecting ducts
up regulates NaK ATPase
upregulates epithelial Na channel

Question 13

Calcium

Answer 13

98% in bone
of free 40% plasma bound
Increased pH -> more plasma bound (less free)
low in pancreatitis
inceased QTc and tetany when low

Question 14

Causes hypocalcaemia

Answer 14

Mg required for PTH therefore if low calcium also low
GH (excretion urine, absorption GI)
glucocorticoids
calcitonin
Loop diuretics
(Thiazides cause inc)

Question 15

intramembranous ossification

Answer 15

from mesenchyme
skull vault, mandible, clavicle
(endochondral from cartilage)

Question 16

Osteoblast/ clast cell types

Answer 16

blast - firoblast
clast - monocyte, RANKL, MCSF

Question 17

Insulin increases glucose uptake in

Answer 17

Adipose
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Uterus

Question 18

Breast enlargement

Answer 18

Oestrogen ducts
Progesterone lobules

Question 19

Hormone receptors

Answer 19

intracellular - thyroxine, steroids and retinoids (lipophilic)
cell surface receptors - GH, insulin, adr

Question 20

Glucose metabolism diabetic / non

Answer 20

non - 50% h20 co2 vs less
40% to fat vs 5
same amount to glycogen
therefore more in blood stream and urine diabetic

Question 21

primary hyperaldosteronism

Answer 21

e.g. conns (adrenal adenoma) low renin high aldosterone
secondary high both - ccf, cirrhosis, nephrotic

hypokalamic alkolosis, htn

Question 22

Oestrogen production

Answer 22

Ovarian granulosa cells
Placenta
Corpus luteum
Stimulates by LH and FSH

Question 23

FSH and LH in men

Answer 23

FSH stimulates sperm(fish) in sertoli cells
Inhibited by inhibin B
LH stimulates testosterone productuon in leydig cells
Inhibited by testosterone

Question 24

Osmotic pressure and ADH

Answer 24

Inc osmotic pressure causes inc ADH
(Or low bp)

Question 25

Blood glucose source after fasting

Answer 25

Gluconeogenesis from amino acids and glycerol

Question 26

Diuretic causing hypercalcaemia

Answer 26

Thiazide

Question 27

Hormones secreted by ovaries

Answer 27

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Inhibin
Relaxin