Endocrine Flashcards
21beta hydroxylase deficiency
Decreased cortisol and aldosterone
Decreased na and hypovolaemia
Increased androgens
17alphs hydroxylase
Adrenal enzyme sex hormone production
In deficiency increased bp, hypokalaemia
Hormones calcium homeostasis
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
- vit D synth, intestinal ca absorbtion
Parathyroid hormon
- mobilised ca from bone. Urinary phosphate excretion
Calcitonin
- secreted from parafollicular cells of thyroid, inhibits bone resorbtion
Growth hormone functions
Sodium retention
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Lipolysis
Protein synthesis
Epiphyseal growth
IGF1 functions
Insulin like activity
Antililolytic
Same as GH
Protein synthesis
Epiphyseal growth
Activators inhibitors GH
Activatirs:
Starvation
Stress
AAs e.g. protein meal
Oestrogen and androgens
Going to sleep
Glucagon
Inhibitors
REM
glucose
FFAs
Methoxyprogesterone
GH and IGF1
Somatostatin, ghrelin
Increased tsh does not increase o2 consumption in which organs
Spleen
Testes
Brain
Uterus
Lymoh nodes
Ant pit
how much protein bound cortisol and aldosterone
cortisol v - cbg
aldosterone not
haematological effects cortisol
increased Hb, platelets, neutrophils
decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils
glucocorticoid effect other hormones
inhibits ADH
decreased TSH and GH
Activators aldosterone
Renin
hyperkalaemia
hyponatraemia
Standing
decreased baroreceptor activation
Mechanism aldosterone
binds receptor heat shock protein
regulates transcription
acts on p cells collecting ducts
up regulates NaK ATPase
upregulates epithelial Na channel
Calcium
98% in bone
of free 40% plasma bound
Increased pH -> more plasma bound (less free)
low in pancreatitis
inceased QTc and tetany when low
Causes hypocalcaemia
Mg required for PTH therefore if low calcium also low
GH (excretion urine, absorption GI)
glucocorticoids
calcitonin
Loop diuretics
(Thiazides cause inc)
intramembranous ossification
from mesenchyme
skull vault, mandible, clavicle
(endochondral from cartilage)
Osteoblast/ clast cell types
blast - firoblast
clast - monocyte, RANKL, MCSF
Insulin increases glucose uptake in
Adipose
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Uterus
Breast enlargement
Oestrogen ducts
Progesterone lobules
Hormone receptors
intracellular - thyroxine, steroids and retinoids (lipophilic)
cell surface receptors - GH, insulin, adr
Glucose metabolism diabetic / non
non - 50% h20 co2 vs less
40% to fat vs 5
same amount to glycogen
therefore more in blood stream and urine diabetic
primary hyperaldosteronism
e.g. conns (adrenal adenoma) low renin high aldosterone
secondary high both - ccf, cirrhosis, nephrotic
hypokalamic alkolosis, htn
Oestrogen production
Ovarian granulosa cells
Placenta
Corpus luteum
Stimulates by LH and FSH
FSH and LH in men
FSH stimulates sperm(fish) in sertoli cells
Inhibited by inhibin B
LH stimulates testosterone productuon in leydig cells
Inhibited by testosterone
Osmotic pressure and ADH
Inc osmotic pressure causes inc ADH
(Or low bp)
