Muscle And Cell

Question 1

Muscle layers

Answer 1

Endomysium - individual muscle
Perimysium - fascicle
Epimysium - whole muscle

Question 2

Nerve fibre types

Answer 2

A alpha proprioception
A b pressure
A y motor
A d pain

B preganglionic

C dorsal root pain
C sympathetic postganglionic

Ab myelinated
Top to bottom big to small, fast to slow

Question 3

Nerve fibre suscepitibility

Answer 3

Most to least
Hypoxia BAC
Pressure ABC
Local CBA

Question 4

Glia

Answer 4

Micro - scavenger like macrophages
Macro
Oligodendrocytes - myelin cns
Schwann - myelin pns
Astrocytes (bbb) - fibrous white matter, protoplaamic grey matter

Question 5

Neuron types

Answer 5

Unipolar - one process
Bipolar - one axon one dendrite
Pseudounipolar - single process that splits 2, 2 axons (skin/ muscle and spinal cord)
Multipolar - one axon many dendrites

Question 6

Axonal transport

Answer 6

Orthograde - cell body to terminals, mRNA to ribosomes, along microtubules, 2 molecular motors dyein and kinesin, fast 400mm/d slow 10
Retrograde - synaptic vesicles and neurotrophine 200mm day

Question 7

Nerve AP

Answer 7

-70
Neurotransmitter positive ion influx
Threshold -55
Na channels open, na influx
+ve 30-40
Na inactive
K open k influx

Hyperkalaemia membrane potential reduced (more exciteable)
Hypernatraemia increased magnitude
Hypercalcaemia dcreased excitability

Question 8

Neurotrophins synthesis and transport

Answer 8

Protein for survival neurons
Produced astrocytes or muscles
Retrograde transport

Question 9

Essential fatty acids

Answer 9

Linolenic, linoleic and arachidonic
All polyunsaturated

Question 10

Nerst equation equilibrium potential

Answer 10

Na 60
K -90

Question 11

Tendons

Answer 11

T1 collagen
Cells 20% of volume, ecm 80%

Question 12

Each molecule glucose produces how much atp

Answer 12

38 total
2 glycolysis - cytoplasm
2 krebs - mitochondria
34 oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain - mitochondria

Question 13

Denervation

Answer 13

LMN - atrophy, fasciculations, hypersensitive to ACh
UMN - atrophy, no fib, hyposensitive

Question 14

Large molecule neurotransmitters

Answer 14

‘Neuropeptides’
Vasopressin
Substance P
Encephalin

Question 15

Most prevalent intracellular anion

Answer 15

Proteins

Question 16

Delta opioid receptor

Answer 16

Just analgesia

Question 17

Opioid receptor for constipation and resp depression

Answer 17

Mu

Question 18

Cause of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Answer 18

Increased membrane permeability to chloride

Question 19

Isotonic vs isometric

Answer 19

Isotonic against load with change in muscle length
Efficiency 50%
Isometric no change in muscle length

Question 20

One equivalent Na

Answer 20

23q L

Question 21

Donnan effect

Answer 21

Contribution non diffusible ions to diffusible ion concentration

Question 22

Nerst equation

Answer 22

To calculate magnitude equilibrium potential

Question 23

Measurement intracellular fluid

Answer 23

Dilution deuterium oxide

Question 24

Osmolality

Answer 24

Osmoles/kg solvent

Question 25

Osmolarity

Answer 25

Osmoles/L solution

Question 26

Osmole

Answer 26

Moles/osmotically active particles

Question 27

Osmolal concentration

Answer 27

Degree it depresses freezing point

Question 28

Magnesium and phosphate intra or extracellular

Answer 28

Mainly intracellular

Question 29

Main ATP use cell

Answer 29

27% protein synth 24 na k atpase 9 gluconeogenesis

Question 30

Nonsense codes

Answer 30

UAA UAG UGA

Question 31

Most abundant protein in cell

Answer 31

Actin

Question 32

Where does HDL come from

Answer 32

Liver and intestine

Question 33

Toxin which effect g proteins and adenyl cyclase

Answer 33

Pertussis

Question 34

Glycolysis

Answer 34

Takes place in the cytoplasm 1 glucose -> 2atp, 2 pyruvate and becomes 2 lactate

Question 35

Muscle energy source

Answer 35

At rest: fatty acids Exercise: glycogenolysis and increased uptake glucose

Question 36

Cells that produce FGF

Answer 36

macrophages

Question 37

E and P selectins

Answer 37

Bind oligosaccharides Found on neutrophils amd monocytes

Question 38

L selectin

Answer 38

Found on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 39

ICAM1

Answer 39

regulates endothelial and epithelial barrier function Binds leukocytes

Question 40

Hormones using protein kinase pathway

Answer 40

Insulin GH Prolactin Oxytocin

Question 41

Water content adipose tissue

Answer 41

10%

Question 42

%body weight protein

Answer 42

18

Question 43

Molar mass/ valence

Answer 43

Equivalents