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Part 1 Physiology > Muscle And Cell > Flashcards

Muscle And Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle layers

A

Endomysium - individual muscle
Perimysium - fascicle
Epimysium - whole muscle

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2
Q

Nerve fibre types

A

A alpha proprioception
A b pressure
A y motor
A d pain

B preganglionic

C dorsal root pain
C sympathetic postganglionic

Ab myelinated
Top to bottom big to small, fast to slow

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3
Q

Nerve fibre suscepitibility

A

Most to least
Hypoxia BAC
Pressure ABC
Local CBA

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4
Q

Glia

A

Micro - scavenger like macrophages
Macro
Oligodendrocytes - myelin cns
Schwann - myelin pns
Astrocytes (bbb) - fibrous white matter, protoplaamic grey matter

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5
Q

Neuron types

A

Unipolar - one process
Bipolar - one axon one dendrite
Pseudounipolar - single process that splits 2, 2 axons (skin/ muscle and spinal cord)
Multipolar - one axon many dendrites

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6
Q

Axonal transport

A

Orthograde - cell body to terminals, mRNA to ribosomes, along microtubules, 2 molecular motors dyein and kinesin, fast 400mm/d slow 10
Retrograde - synaptic vesicles and neurotrophine 200mm day

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7
Q

Nerve AP

A

-70
Neurotransmitter positive ion influx
Threshold -55
Na channels open, na influx
+ve 30-40
Na inactive
K open k influx

Hyperkalaemia membrane potential reduced (more exciteable)
Hypernatraemia increased magnitude
Hypercalcaemia dcreased excitability

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8
Q

Neurotrophins synthesis and transport

A

Protein for survival neurons
Produced astrocytes or muscles
Retrograde transport

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9
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Linolenic, linoleic and arachidonic
All polyunsaturated

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10
Q

Nerst equation equilibrium potential

A

Na 60
K -90

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11
Q

Tendons

A

T1 collagen
Cells 20% of volume, ecm 80%

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12
Q

Each molecule glucose produces how much atp

A

38 total
2 glycolysis - cytoplasm
2 krebs - mitochondria
34 oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain - mitochondria

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13
Q

Denervation

A

LMN - atrophy, fasciculations, hypersensitive to ACh
UMN - atrophy, no fib, hyposensitive

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14
Q

Large molecule neurotransmitters

A

‘Neuropeptides’
Vasopressin
Substance P
Encephalin

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15
Q

Most prevalent intracellular anion

A

Proteins

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16
Q

Delta opioid receptor

A

Just analgesia

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17
Q

Opioid receptor for constipation and resp depression

A

Mu

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18
Q

Cause of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

Increased membrane permeability to chloride

19
Q

Isotonic vs isometric

A

Isotonic against load with change in muscle length
Efficiency 50%
Isometric no change in muscle length

20
Q

One equivalent Na

A

23q L

21
Q

Donnan effect

A

Contribution non diffusible ions to diffusible ion concentration

22
Q

Nerst equation

A

To calculate magnitude equilibrium potential

23
Q

Measurement intracellular fluid

A

Dilution deuterium oxide

24
Q

Osmolality

A

Osmoles/kg solvent

25
Q

Osmolarity

A

Osmoles/L solution

26
Q

Osmole

A

Moles/osmotically active particles

27
Q

Osmolal concentration

A

Degree it depresses freezing point

28
Q

Magnesium and phosphate intra or extracellular

A

Mainly intracellular

29
Q

Main ATP use cell

A

27% protein synth
24 na k atpase
9 gluconeogenesis

30
Q

Nonsense codes

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

31
Q

Most abundant protein in cell

A

Actin

32
Q

Where does HDL come from

A

Liver and intestine

33
Q

Toxin which effect g proteins and adenyl cyclase

A

Pertussis

34
Q

Glycolysis

A

Takes place in the cytoplasm
1 glucose -> 2atp, 2 pyruvate and becomes 2 lactate

35
Q

Muscle energy source

A

At rest: fatty acids
Exercise: glycogenolysis and increased uptake glucose

36
Q

Cells that produce FGF

A

macrophages

37
Q

E and P selectins

A

Bind oligosaccharides
Found on neutrophils amd monocytes

38
Q

L selectin

A

Found on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

39
Q

ICAM1

A

regulates endothelial and epithelial barrier function
Binds leukocytes

40
Q

Hormones using protein kinase pathway

A

Insulin
GH
Prolactin
Oxytocin

41
Q

Water content adipose tissue

A

10%

42
Q

%body weight protein

A

18

43
Q

Molar mass/ valence

A

Equivalents

Part 1 Physiology (10 decks)

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