Neuro Flashcards
Layers of the scalp
S - skin
C - connective tissue
A - aponeurosis
L - loose areole tissue
P - pericranium layer
Cutaneous innervation of the scalp
Anterior
Posterior
Anterior - trigeminal nerve branches
a - ophthalmic
b - maxillary
c - mandibular
Posterior - greater and lesser occipital spinal nerves
Trigeminal branches exits
ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure
maxillary - foramen rotundum
mandibular - foramen ovale
Arteries of the head/face
External carotid artery branches:
- Superficial temporal, maxillary, superiori thyroid, linguine, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal
Arteries of the cerebrum
Internal carotid artery branches:
Anterior cerebral, middle cerebral,
- posterior communicating arteries (if blockage)
- Posterior cerebral artery (branch of basilar artery)
cerebellum
- responsible for motor control, coordination timing of movements
- located posteriorly at the same level as the pons
- If damaged - problems standing up, loss of coordination, poor rapid alternating movements
Arteries of the cerebellum
- branches of basilar and vertebral arteries
Superior - basilar branch
anterior inferior - basilar branch
Posterior inferior - vertebral branch
Veins of head/face
External jugular vein branches
Veins of brain
Dural venous sinus drain into the Internal jugular vein
- Internal jugular vein is a continuation of the SVC
Meningeal layers
Dura matter - tough outer layer separated into periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer (between is where dural venous sinuses lie) - vascular
Arachnoid matter - webbed like layer that is avascular
Pia matter - thin layer directly covering the brain (vascular)
Dural partitions
- Help restrict rotatory movement of the brain
Flax cerebri - largest anterior
Tentorium cerebelli - lateral
Falx cerebelli - posterior
Diaphragma sellae - below
Spinal cord termination
children - L3
Adults - L1
Regions of the brain
- forebrain - Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and hypothalamus
- Mid brain
- Hind brain - pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
frontal lobe
- Responsible for higher intellect, personality, mood, smell
- central and lateral sulcus borders
- damage can cause personality and behavioural changes
parietal lobe
- responsible sensory perception E.g. hot, cold, smooth, rough
- central sulcus and Parietal-occipital sulcus borders
- damage can cause impaired sensory
temporal lobe
- responsible for memory, language and hearing (primary auditory complex)
- lateral sulcus borders
- Damage can cause impaired sound recognition and unable to recognise faces
occipital lobe
- responsible for vision
- parietal-occipital sulcus
- Damage can cause impaired Vision (contralateral hemianopia)
Basal ganglia
- receives information from the cortex and then relays it back to the cortex via the thalamus and hypothalamus - modulating cortical activity E.g. controlling lower motor neurons
- made of subcortical nuclei that act as a feedback loop
primary motor cortex location
- Most posterior part of the frontal lobe/pre central gyri
primary sensory cortex location
- moat anterior part of the parietal lobe/post central gyri
Wernicke’s area
- making sense of speech
- located at the left lateral hemisphere in line with the brainstem
- Damage to this area will lead to the patient having non sensical speech
Brocca’s area
- Ability to speak
- located at the left frontal/lateral hemisphere
- Damage to this area will mean a patent will not be able to speak but can understand the conversation
Primary visual cortex
- First place where information from the eyes travel to
- Located at the occipital region of the brain
Primary auditory cortex
- First place where sound information is sent
- located at the temporal lobe
Dural venous sinuses?
- Lie between the periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer of the dura matter
*Drains into the internal jugular vein
Dural venous sinuses…
Superior saggital
Inferior saggital
Straight
- All flow into the confluence of sinuses which flows out of the internal jugular vein
Transverse sinus moves bilaterally from the confluence
- Drains to the sigmoid sinus which drains into the internal jugular vein
Cavernous sinus
- Located either side of the sella turcica
- drain into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses that drain into the internal jugular vein
Danger triangle
- Either side of the lips to the top of the nose
- Veins draining this region are tributaries of the facial vein which connect with the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein
- infection here can spread easily into the cranial cavity
CSF
- Cushions the brain, provides nutrients and removes waste from the brain
- Present in the subarachnoid area of the brain and spinal cord
- Produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles (mostly lateral ventricles/1 and 2)
*Absorbed into the blood stream by arachnoid granulations
CNI
Olfactory nerve - smell
- Arises from the olfactory bulb in the olfactory grove in the anterior
cranial fossa
CNII
Optic - sight
- Arises from the optic chiasm, moves through optic canal to eyes
*Internal carotid and pituitary lie immediately inferior
CNIII
Oculomotor - move and blink eyes
- Arises from the anterior surface of the midbrain, moves through the superior orbital fissure
CNIV
Trochlear - moves eyes (innervates eye muscles)
- Arises from the posterior surface of the midbrain, moves through the superior orbital fissure
CN V
Trigeminal - Anterior head sensation, cheek and jaw movement
- Arises from the lateral aspect of the pons and forms ganglion before branching:
Ophthalmic - through superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - through foramen rotunda
Mandibular - through foramen ovale
CN VI
Abducens - Move eyes
- Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through the superior orbital fissure
CN VII
Facial - facial muscles and tongue
- Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through internal auditory meatus
CNVIII
Auditory/vestibular - hearing and balance
- Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through the internal auditory meatus
CNIX
Glossopharyngeal - tongue and pharynx (swallow)
- Arises from medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen
CNX
Vagus - digestion and heart rate
- Arises from medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen
CNXI
Accessory - Shoulder and neck muscle movements
- Arises from the medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen
CNXII
Hypoglossal - Move tongue
- Arises from upper region of the spinal cord (web), through the hypoglossal canal
