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Anatomy > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the scalp

A

S - skin
C - connective tissue
A - aponeurosis
L - loose areole tissue
P - pericranium layer

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2
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the scalp
Anterior
Posterior

A

Anterior - trigeminal nerve branches
a - ophthalmic
b - maxillary
c - mandibular

Posterior - greater and lesser occipital spinal nerves

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3
Q

Trigeminal branches exits

A

ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure
maxillary - foramen rotundum
mandibular - foramen ovale

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4
Q

Arteries of the head/face

A

External carotid artery branches:

  • Superficial temporal, maxillary, superiori thyroid, linguine, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal
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5
Q

Arteries of the cerebrum

A

Internal carotid artery branches:
Anterior cerebral, middle cerebral,
- posterior communicating arteries (if blockage)

  • Posterior cerebral artery (branch of basilar artery)
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6
Q

cerebellum

A
  • responsible for motor control, coordination timing of movements
  • located posteriorly at the same level as the pons
  • If damaged - problems standing up, loss of coordination, poor rapid alternating movements
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7
Q

Arteries of the cerebellum

A
  • branches of basilar and vertebral arteries

Superior - basilar branch
anterior inferior - basilar branch
Posterior inferior - vertebral branch

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8
Q

Veins of head/face

A

External jugular vein branches

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9
Q

Veins of brain

A

Dural venous sinus drain into the Internal jugular vein

  • Internal jugular vein is a continuation of the SVC
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10
Q

Meningeal layers

A

Dura matter - tough outer layer separated into periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer (between is where dural venous sinuses lie) - vascular

Arachnoid matter - webbed like layer that is avascular

Pia matter - thin layer directly covering the brain (vascular)

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11
Q

Dural partitions

A
  • Help restrict rotatory movement of the brain

Flax cerebri - largest anterior
Tentorium cerebelli - lateral
Falx cerebelli - posterior
Diaphragma sellae - below

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12
Q

Spinal cord termination

A

children - L3

Adults - L1

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13
Q

Regions of the brain

A
  • forebrain - Cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Mid brain
  • Hind brain - pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
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14
Q

frontal lobe

A
  • Responsible for higher intellect, personality, mood, smell
  • central and lateral sulcus borders
  • damage can cause personality and behavioural changes
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15
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • responsible sensory perception E.g. hot, cold, smooth, rough
  • central sulcus and Parietal-occipital sulcus borders
  • damage can cause impaired sensory
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16
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • responsible for memory, language and hearing (primary auditory complex)
  • lateral sulcus borders
  • Damage can cause impaired sound recognition and unable to recognise faces
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17
Q

occipital lobe

A
  • responsible for vision
  • parietal-occipital sulcus
  • Damage can cause impaired Vision (contralateral hemianopia)
18
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • receives information from the cortex and then relays it back to the cortex via the thalamus and hypothalamus - modulating cortical activity E.g. controlling lower motor neurons
  • made of subcortical nuclei that act as a feedback loop
19
Q

primary motor cortex location

A
  • Most posterior part of the frontal lobe/pre central gyri
20
Q

primary sensory cortex location

A
  • moat anterior part of the parietal lobe/post central gyri
21
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • making sense of speech
  • located at the left lateral hemisphere in line with the brainstem
  • Damage to this area will lead to the patient having non sensical speech
22
Q

Brocca’s area

A
  • Ability to speak
  • located at the left frontal/lateral hemisphere
  • Damage to this area will mean a patent will not be able to speak but can understand the conversation
23
Q

Primary visual cortex

A
  • First place where information from the eyes travel to
  • Located at the occipital region of the brain
24
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • First place where sound information is sent
  • located at the temporal lobe
25
Q

Dural venous sinuses?

A
  • Lie between the periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer of the dura matter

*Drains into the internal jugular vein

26
Q

Dural venous sinuses…

A

Superior saggital
Inferior saggital
Straight

  • All flow into the confluence of sinuses which flows out of the internal jugular vein

Transverse sinus moves bilaterally from the confluence

  • Drains to the sigmoid sinus which drains into the internal jugular vein
27
Q

Cavernous sinus

A
  • Located either side of the sella turcica
  • drain into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses that drain into the internal jugular vein
28
Q

Danger triangle

A
  • Either side of the lips to the top of the nose
  • Veins draining this region are tributaries of the facial vein which connect with the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein
  • infection here can spread easily into the cranial cavity
29
Q

CSF

A
  • Cushions the brain, provides nutrients and removes waste from the brain
  • Present in the subarachnoid area of the brain and spinal cord
  • Produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles (mostly lateral ventricles/1 and 2)

*Absorbed into the blood stream by arachnoid granulations

30
Q

CNI

A

Olfactory nerve - smell

  • Arises from the olfactory bulb in the olfactory grove in the anterior
    cranial fossa
31
Q

CNII

A

Optic - sight

  • Arises from the optic chiasm, moves through optic canal to eyes

*Internal carotid and pituitary lie immediately inferior

32
Q

CNIII

A

Oculomotor - move and blink eyes

  • Arises from the anterior surface of the midbrain, moves through the superior orbital fissure
33
Q

CNIV

A

Trochlear - moves eyes (innervates eye muscles)

  • Arises from the posterior surface of the midbrain, moves through the superior orbital fissure
34
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal - Anterior head sensation, cheek and jaw movement

  • Arises from the lateral aspect of the pons and forms ganglion before branching:

Ophthalmic - through superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - through foramen rotunda
Mandibular - through foramen ovale

35
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens - Move eyes

  • Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through the superior orbital fissure
36
Q

CN VII

A

Facial - facial muscles and tongue

  • Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through internal auditory meatus
37
Q

CNVIII

A

Auditory/vestibular - hearing and balance

  • Arises from the pon/medullary junction, through the internal auditory meatus
38
Q

CNIX

A

Glossopharyngeal - tongue and pharynx (swallow)

  • Arises from medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen
39
Q

CNX

A

Vagus - digestion and heart rate

  • Arises from medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen
40
Q

CNXI

A

Accessory - Shoulder and neck muscle movements

  • Arises from the medulla oblongata, through jugular foramen
41
Q

CNXII

A

Hypoglossal - Move tongue

  • Arises from upper region of the spinal cord (web), through the hypoglossal canal

Anatomy (14 decks)

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