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Anatomy > Histology Y1 > Flashcards

Histology Y1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epithelium?

A

The tissue which covers and lines other tissues

- It is an avascular tissue

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2
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

Number of layers (simple or stratified), she of the cell (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and surface specialisation (keratinising)

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3
Q

What is the Basal lamina/Basement membrane?

A

The barrier between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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4
Q

Pseudo stratified epithelium? Where is it found?

A

Falsely stratified - Nuclei are unevenly distributed and squished together - Usually in trachea and bronchus

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5
Q

Transitional epithelium? Where is it?

A
  • When the bladder is empty and the cells are able to expand, when it is full they are squashed together
  • Found in ureter and urinary bladder
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6
Q

Endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine - Secrets products directly into blood stream

Exocrine - Secrets products onto the skin via ducts

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7
Q

Exocrine gland types

A

Mucous gland - Secretes fluid used to lubricate and protect shown as brighter staining

Serous gland - Secretes Watery fluid, rich in enzymes that helps breakdown food shown as darker staining

Seromucous - mix of both

Either simple of compound depending if there’s a single or numerous branches
Can be acinar (more rounded) or tubular

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8
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • binding, support, protection, insulation, transportation and repair/scar tissue
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9
Q

CT is made of 3 main components

A

Cells, fibres and ground substances

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10
Q

Fibroblast function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Fixed cell
  • ECM/collagen production allowing for structural support
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11
Q

Adipocyte function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Fixed cell
  • Stores fat/energy and insulates
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12
Q

Macrophage function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Conducts phagocytosis
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13
Q

Plasma cell function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Produces antibodies
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14
Q

Mast cell function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Release inflammatory cytokines
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15
Q

White blood cell/Leukocytes

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Defensive cell
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16
Q

Ordinary CT

A

Loose - Immediately below epithelium, surround capillaries (myelin)

Dense irregular - Found in dermis, collagen fibres are densely packed

Dense regular - Collagen fibres, found in ligaments and tendons

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17
Q

Specialised CT

A

Supportive - Cartilage (hayline, fibrocartilage or elastic)

Bone - Compact or spongy

Fluid - Blood or lymph

Adipose - Fat tissue

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18
Q

Collagen fibres (CT)

A
  • High tensile strength
  • Fibrils join to form fibres which join to form bundles
  • Stretch resistant
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19
Q

Reticular fibres (CT)

A
  • Brings larger collagen fibres together
  • Individual fibres that don’t form bundles
  • Branched, thin, collagenous fibres
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20
Q

Elastic fibres (CT)

A
  • Long thin fibres that allow for stretch

- Found in the dermis, elastic arteries and lungs

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21
Q

Ground substances and what is in it?

A
  • Gel where fibres and structures sit
  • Composed of:
    GAG’s, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins
22
Q

Functions of cartilage (CT)

A

Forms of supportive connective tissue

23
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found (CT)

A

Joints, trachea, bronchus, costal cartilage (ribs), nasal cavities

24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found? (CT)

A

External ear, epiglottis (flap pf tissue beneath the tongue and back of the throat)

25
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Tendon insertions, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis (joint) and articular meniscus

26
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • Main constituent of the skeleton, facilitates movement, supports and protects organs, harbours bone marrow (RBC production)
27
Q

Types of bone

A

Spongy - Areas with numerous interconnecting cavities

Compact - Dense area without cavities (collagen fibres)

28
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Form bone ECM and are located at the surface of the bone

- Lay down bone

29
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Maintains bone tissue
  • Osteoblasts that have become trapped in bone matrix
  • Located in the lacunae cavity
30
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • Eats bone
  • Large multi nucleated cells
  • Forming a rough border of cells on the surface
31
Q

Periosteum

A

newly lade bone

32
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

33
Q

Identifying skeletal muscle

A
  • striated lines of myosin and actin, long unbranched and multinucleate, nuclei preset on the periphery of fibres, found attached to bone
34
Q

CT of skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium - Outside entire muscle

Perimysium - Surrounds each fascicle

Endomysium - Between each fibre

35
Q

Sarcoplasm and sarcolemma

A

Sarcoplasm - Cytoplasm of fibre containing myofibrils, mitochondria, SER and myoglobin

Sarcolemma - Plasma membrane of fibres where calcium is stored and released

36
Q

Identifying cardiac muscle/myocardium

A
  • Striated dark and light bands, central nucleus position, branched cells joined together by intercalated
    disk (junctions), has longitudinal and transverse sections
37
Q

Identifying smooth muscle

A
  • Found in tubule organs - Gut, blood vessels, bile duct, uterus, urinary bladder and respiratory tract
  • Non striated, central nuclei with granules at poles
  • Actin and myosin present but no banding
38
Q

Nerve structure

A
  • Composed of a cell body, soma containing a nucleus and an axon
39
Q

Axons

A
  • Transmission lines of the nervous system (bundles make up the nerve)
  • Axons surrounded by endoneurium, fascicles surrounded by perineurium, nerve cell surrounded by epineurium
40
Q

Types of nerve cells

A

Anaxonic - Axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

Bipolar - Two sections separated by the cell body

Pseudounipolar - Single long axon with the soma on one side

Multipolar - Single axons and multiple dendrites so multiple sections

41
Q

Dendrties

A

Receive stimuli from other cells and connect to the stoma

42
Q

Schwann cells

A

Main supporting cell in PNS - Encloses each axon in myelin

- Can only myelinate 1 axon in PNS

43
Q

Satellite cells

A

Located in PNS helping to support soma

44
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Forms myelinated sheet for serval axons in CNS and can wrap around nerve multiple times which helps facilitate nerve impulse (CNS)

45
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most common cell in CNS - Can be fibrous that are located in white matter or protoplasmic located in grey matter

46
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Lines cavities of CNS such as the brain

47
Q

Layers of the skin

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis

Hypodermis

48
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Top layer composed of stratified squamous keratinising epithelium
  • Squamous cells are dead and filled with keratin proteins so it is a waterproof layer

Separated into 5 layers

49
Q

Epidermis layers (Bottom to top)

A

Stratum basale - Cells divided mitotically

Stratum spinosum - Keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate

Stratum granulosum - Keratohyalin granules and hard protein envelope form, lamellar bodies release lips and cells die

Stratum lucindum - Dead cells containing dispersed keratohylin

Stratum corneum - Dead cells with hard protein envelope, cells contain keratin and are surrounded boy lipids

50
Q

Dermis

A

Made up off dense irregular connective tissue

Abundant in collagen with elastic and reticular fibres

Spilt into:
papillary (superficial) - Interdigitates with epidermal ridges of the epidermis

Reticular (deeper) - Attached to underlying hypodermis

  • Thickness of skin relates to thickness of the dermis
51
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • Composed of CT and fat (not part of the true skin)

- Target for injection due to vascularity and so can absorb drug quickly

Anatomy (14 decks)

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