Neuro Flashcards
what does the midbrain control
vision
hearing
motor
awake cycles
alertness
what does the pons control
sleep
respiration
what does the medulla do
transmit signals btwn spinal cord and brian
what does the hypothalamus do
maintains balance
regulates temp
sex drive
hr and bp
what does the basal ganglia control
movement
what does the thalamus do
receives impulses and sends them
regulates arousal
emotion and creativity
what does the cerebellum control
coordination
equilibrium (balance)
what are the sensory pathways (ascending) doing
getting signals
what are the motor pathways (descending) doing
sending signals back down
what is cranial nerve 1
olfactory
what test is used for olfactory nerve
smell
what is cranial nerve 2
optic
what tests are used for optic nerve
testing visual acuity
peripheral vision
Snellen’s chart
what is cranial nerve 3
oculomotor
what tests are used for oculomotor nerve
Testing pupil accommodation and reaction to light (direct and consensual)
Extraocular eye movement (mvmt except lateral and down)
what is cranial nerve 4
trochlear
what test is used for trochlear nerve
eye mvmt down and in
what is cranial nerve 5
trigeminal
what tests are done for trigeminal nerve
light touch w/ cotton
move jaw
what is cranial nerve 6
abducens
what test is done for abducens nerve
eye mvmt lateral
what is cranial nerve 7
facial
what tests are done for facial nerve
symmetry puff
smile and frown
raise eyebrows
what is cranial nerve 8
acoustic
what test is done for acoustic nerve
whisper test
what is cranial nerve 9
glossopharyngeal
what tests are done for glossopharyngeal nerve
ahh
posterior 1/3 tongue
what is cranial nerve 10
vagus
what tests are done for vagus nerve
ahh
gag
what is cranial nerve 11
spinal accessory
what tests are done for spinal accessory nerve
shrug shoulders
turn head
(should be intact, 5/5 strength)
what is cranial nerve 12
hypoglossal
what test is done for hypoglossal nerve
move tongue
pronounce letters L, D, N, T
what is anosmia
loss of sense of smell
which cranial nerves are just sensory
1, 2, and 8
which cranial nerves are just motor
3, 4, 6, 11, and 12
which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor
5, 7, 9, and 10
how many cervical spinal nerves are there
8
how many thoracic spinal nerves are there
12
how many lumbar spinal nerves are there
5
how many sacral spinal nerves are there
5
how many coccygeal spinal nerves are there
1
what is a dermatome
an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root
what dermatome are c6, 7, 8 spinal roots
thumb, middle finger, 5th finger
what dermatome is T1 spinal root
axilla
what dermatome is T4 spinal root
nipple
what dermatome is T10 spinal root
umbillicus
what dermatome is L1 spinal root
groin
what dermatome is L4 spinal root
knee
what are the 2 superficial sensations
pain
light touch
what are the 2 deep sensations
vibratory sense
kinesthetics
what pt would not feel vibratory sense
a pt w/ peripheral neuropathy
what is kinesthetics
position sense (where did I move it)
what are the 3 discriminatory sensations
stereognosis
graphesthesia
point localization
what is stereognosis
recognition of familiar object by touch
what is graphesthesia
identify number or letter traced in the hand
what is point localization
ability to sense and locate area being stimulated
what scale is used for deep tendon reflexes
0-4
what is 0 for DTR
no response detected
what is 1 for DTR
response present but diminished
what is 2 for DTR
response normal
what is 3 for DTR
response is somewhat stronger than normal
what is 4 for DTR
response hyperactive w/ clonus (presence of rhythmic contractions)
how do you find a bicep DTR
have pt relax arm
rest pt elbow in non dominant hand w/ thumb over bicep tendon
strike fingernail
what happens with bicep DTR
contraction w/ flexion of forearm
what happens w/ tricep DTR
contraction of triceps w/ extension at elbow
how do you find a tricep DTR
abduct pt arm and flex at elbow
support it w/ non dominant hand
strike tendon ab 1-2 in above olecranon process approaching directly from behind
what happens w/ brachioradialis DTR
flexion at elbow and supination of forearm
may flex fingers
how do you find brachioradialis DTR
rest pt arm on his/her leg and find brachioradialis tendon 3-5 cm above wrist
strike it w/ hammer
what happens w/ patellar DTR
contraction of quadriceps w/ extension of knee
how do you find a patellar DTR
pt sits w/ legs dangling
strike tendon directly below patella
what happens w/ Achilles DTR
plantarflexion of foot
how do you find Achilles DTR
pt lay supine or sit w/ 1 knee flexed
hold foot slightly dorsiflexed
strike Achilles tendon
what does a positive babinski test look like
toes fan (good in infants, bad in adults)
what does a negative babinski test look like
no response or flexion of the toes
how do you elicit sucking reflex
stimulate lips
how do you elicit rooting reflex
stimulate cheek
how do you elicit palmar grasp reflex
put fingers out
how do you elicit plantar reflex
press thumb at ball of foot (toes should curl down)
how do you elicit moro reflex
startle
how do you elicit tonic neck reflex
place supine (they should turn their neck side to side)
how do you elicit stepping reflex
hold newborn upright (marching in place)
how do you elicit babinski reflex
use back or reflex hammer and move across bottom of foot
what is cephalocaudal development
direction of development from top (head) down to bottom (toes)
gain control of head then arms, torso and finally legs
head is larger relative to rest of body, lower parts of body must do more growing to reach adult size
what are the stroke warning signs
sudden numbness/weakness of face, arm or leg, especially unilateral
sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
sudden trouble seeing in 1 or both eyes
sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
sudden severe headache w/ no known cause
on the glascow coma scale, what number is considered to be a coma
8 or below
what is somnolent
abnormally drowsy
what is lethargic
not fully alert, drifts off to sleep
what is obtunded
sleeps most of the time, difficult to arouse
what is stupor
semi-coma-unconscious
only responds to vigorous shake or pain
what is the difference btwn dementia and delirium,
dementia- progressive
delirium- develops over short period of time
-has a reason
-reversible
-can be cause by UTIs or medications
how do you talk to a pt w/ delirium
try to orient them
use simple communicaiton
use calm tone
