Heart and Vessels Flashcards
diastole is when the heart is…
resting
systole is when the heart is…
working
what is the order of blood flow through the cardiac valves
tricupsid, pulmonic, mitral, aorta
what is happening during s1
closing of mitral and tricuspid valves (lub)
what is happening during s2
closing of pulmonic and aortic valves (dub)
why would an s3 sound occur
volume overload problem, pregnancy, children and adolescents, heart failure, and problems with mitral or tricuspid valve
why would an s4 sound occur
stiff ventricles problem, normal in athletes
murmur heard in systole indicates
aortic stenosis
pulmonic stenosis
mitral regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation
murmur heard in diastole indicates
aortic regurgitation
pulmonic regurgitation
mitral stenosis
tricuspid stenosis
what is angina
chest pain
what is dyspnea
shortness of breath
what is nocturnal dyspnea
SOB while sleeping
what is orthopnea
SOB when lying flat
what is nocturia
getting up to urinate at night
list some risk factors
hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes
what does blowing or swishing of the carotid indicate
bruit
anatomic change of heart that happens during pregnancy
pushed upward and forward and to the left, PMI 4th IC space, MC line
What is the blood volume, cardiac output, and HR increase in pregnant women
30-50% blood volume
HR increase of 10-20 bpm
increase of cardiac output by 30-50%
does bp increase or decrease during pregnancy and why
decreases bc of peripheral vasodilation
what is considered bradycardia in newborns
<90 bpm
what is considered bradycardia in children
<60 bpm
what is tachypnea
breathing fast
list the risk factors for coronary artery disease
diabetes
hyperlipidemia
obesity
age
gender
lifestyle
why is diabetes a risk factor for CAD
it destroys vessels
why is hyperlipidemia a risk factor for CAD
LDL cholesterol builds up and blood can’t flow through vessels as easy
why is obesity a risk factor for CAD
puts strain on heart
why is age a risk factor for CAD
35-64 year olds have an increased risk for CAD
why is gender a risk factor for CAD
males are more likely to get CAD until women go through menopause (becomes equally as likely)
what lifestyle factors are a risk factor for CAD
sedentary lifestyle
diet (saturated fat)
smoking
symptoms of MI in women
Fatigue
Sleep Disturbance
Shortness of breath
Indigestion, nausea
Radiating, aching pain
Flushed
prevention techniques for MI’s
Behavior modification (stress reduction techniques)
Smoking cessation
Better diet
Weight reduction
what are the cardiac changes in elderly
Gradual increase in systolic BP
Arteriosclerosis
Left ventricular wall thickens
Increased incidence of dysrhythmias
EKG changes
Orthostatic hypotension
what is arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries (lose elasticity)
what is a dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
what is orthostatic hypotension
low bp from sitting to standing. BP changes when you change position (lying, sitting up, standing)
what is happening when someone has right sided heart failure
right chamber lost ability to pump
list the symptoms of right sided heart failure
fatigue
increased peripheral venous pressure
ascites
enlarged liver and spleen
may be secondary to chronic pulmonary problems
distended jugular veins
anorexia and complaints of GI distress
weight gain
dependent edema
what is ascites
extra fluid in the abdomen
why is anorexia and complaints of GI distress a symptom of right sided heart failure
organs are enlarged and extra fluid is present
the right side of the heart receives blood from..
the body
what is dependent edema
edema caused my gravity
list the symptoms of left sided heart failure
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
pulmonary congestion
restlessness
confusion
orthopnea
tachycardia
exertional dyspnea
fatigue
cyanosis
what is tachypnea
fast breathing
what is exertional dyspnea
SOB when moving (walking)
where does the left side of the heart receive blood from
the lungs
what happens in left sided heart failure
left side loses ability to contract
