Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of vertigo

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
Vestibular neuronitis
Labyrinthitis
Meniere disease

Central causes:
TIA/brainstem infarct
Tumour
MS
Chiari formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conductive hearing loss causes

A

Otitis media (with effusion)
wax
perforated eardrum
cholesteaoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sensioneural hearing loss causes

A

Presbycusis - old age degeneration (noise trauma)
Menieres disease
infection (meningitis, labyrinthitis)
acoustic neuroma (neoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rinnes test interpretation

A 
NORMAL = Air conduction better than bone
Conductive = bone conduction better than air
Sensioneural = Air better than bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Webers test interpretation

A 
NORMAL = heard in midline
Conductive = heard in bad ear
Sensioneural = heard in good ear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is BPPV

A

vertigo provoked by certain changes in head position.

movements = turning in bed, bending over, looking upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of BPPV

A

Idiopathic
head trauma
mastoid surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Symptoms of BPPV

A

vertigo on positional changes

DOES NOT cause hearing loss, fainting or any other neurological signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BPPV pathophysiology

A

Utricle contains otoconia (calcium carbonate crystals), these become dislodged and migrate into the semicircular canals.
[Fluid in semicircular canals should not move but the crystals activate nerve endings as if the fluid is moving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnostic/treatment for BPPV

A

Epley manoeuvre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is vestibular neuronitis

A

Inflammation of vestibular nerve commonly associated with acute illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of vestibular neuronitis

A

Sinusitis, URTI, vascular disease in the elderly

Commonly affects younger adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is labyrinthitis

A

infection of the inner ear, usually a viral cause and associated with vestibular neuritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distinction between labyrinths and vestibular neuronitis

A

labyrinthitis results in hearing changes in addition to vertigo. May produce tinnitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Menieres disease

A

chronic, incurable inner ear disorder as a result of large collections of fluid (endolymph) in the inner ear.
Unknown cause.
Develops in 40s-60s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of Menieres disease

A

Fluctuating hearing loss and vertigo, tinnitus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two subtypes of haemorrhage stroke

A

intracerebral haemorrhage

subarachnoid haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where can an intracerebral haemorrhage occur

A

Intraparenchymal (within brain tissue)

Intraventricular (within the ventricles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Classification system for ischaemic stroke

A

Bamford classification (based on clinical findings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Signs of a total anterior circulation stroke TCAS

A

Need all three:
Unilateral weakness of face, arm and leg
Homonymous hemianopia
Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Signs of a partial anterior circulation stroke PCAS

A

Two of the following:
Unilateral weakness of face, arm and leg
Homonymous hemianopia
Higher cerebral dysfunction (dysphasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Signs of posterior circulation syndrome PCOS

A

One of the following:
Cranial nerve palsy and a contralateral motor/sensory deficit
Bilateral motor/sensory deficit
Conjugate eye movements (horizontal gaze palsy)
Cerebellar dysfunction (vertigo, nystagmus, gaze palsy)
Isolated homonymous hemianopia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lacunar stroke signs

A 
No loss of higher cerebral functions (dysphasia)
ONE of the following for diagnosis:
pure sensory stroke
pure motor strike
ataxic hemiparesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do lacunar infarcts occur

A

cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lesion of CN IV will cause what eye symptoms
Downward gaze and vertical diplopia
26
What eye muscles is CN III (oculomotor) responsible for
Medial rectus Inferior oblique Superior rectus Inferior rectus
27
What functions does CN III have
Eye movement pupil constriction accommodation eyelid opening
28
What would a palsy of CN III cause
ptosis down and out eye dilated fixed pupil
29
Which eye muscles is CN IV (trochlear) responsible for
Superior oblique
30
What would a palsy of CN IV cause
downward gaze | vertical diplopia
31
What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve CN V
Facial sensation | Mastication
32
What would a lesion of the trigeminal nerve cause
``` Trigeminal neuralgia loss of corneal reflex loss of facial sensation paralysis of mastication muscles deviation of jaw to weak side ```
33
what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve
opthalmic - sensory mandibular - mixed maxillary - sensory
34
Where do the branches of the trigeminal exit the skulls
v1 - superior orbital fissue v2 - foramen rotundum v3 - foramen ovale
35
what eye muscles does the abducens nerve control
Lateral rectus
36
What would palsy of the abducens nerve cause
inability to abduct the eye - horizontal diplopia
37
where does the abducens nerve exit skull
superior orbital fissue
38
what does the facial nerve do
facial movement taste anterior 2/3 of tongue lacrimation salivation
39
what would lesion of the facial nerve cause
paralysis of upper AND lower face loss of corneal reflex loss of taste hyperacusis (louder sounds)
40
where does the facial nerve arise
internal auditory meatus
41
functions of VIII vestibulocochlear
hearing | balance
42
what does lesion of VIII cause
hearing loss vertigo nystagmus acoustic neuroma (Schwann cell tumour of the cochlear nerve)
43
Where does CN VIII arise
internal auditory meatus
44
functions of IX glossopharyngeal
taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue) salivation swallowing
45
lesions of IX
hypersensitive carotid sinus reflex | loss of gag reflex
46
where does IX arise
jugular foramen
47
Functions of vagus X nerve
phonation swallowing innervation of viscera
48
lesions of vagus nerve
uvula deviation away from lesion | loss of gag reflex
49
where does the vagus nerve arise
jugular foramen
50
functions of XI accessory
head and shoulder movement
51
lesion of accessory nerve
weakness turning head to contralateral side | weakness of should adduction
52
hypoglossal nerve fucntion
tongue movement
53
lesion of hypoglossal
tongue deviate toward side of lesion
54
where does the accessory nerve arise
jugular foramen
55
where does hypoglossal nerve arise
hypoglossal canal
56
where does olfactory nerve arise
cribriform plate
57
where does optic nerve arise
optic canal
58
where does trochlear nerve arise
superior orbital fissue
59
where does oculomotor nerve arise
superior orbital fissure
60
what is the number one cause of viral encephalitis
HSV
61
Does HSV encephalitis occur in primary or secondary infection
BOTH!
62
What happens after primary infection with HSV
migrates to sensory ganglion where it stay until a secondary infection occurs
63
What happens when HSV reaches the brain
causes encephalitis | or meningoencephalitis
64
presentation of HSV encephalitis
fever headache focal neuro signs
65
Differentiation of HSV encephalitis from other causes
uncommon SEVERE - 70% die without treatment Early treatment important
66
treatment for HSV encephalitis
IV acyclovir
67
Where does HSV encephalitis target
temporal lobe
68
neurological effects of HSV encephalitis
aphasia | seizures
69
CSF changes HSV encephalitis
lymphocytosis elevated protein RBCs
70
Class of drugs used for migraine prophylaxis/treatment
prophylaxis - 5-HT receptor Antagonists | treatment - 5-HT receptor agonists
71
What is firstling treatment for migraine prophylaxis
propranolol or topiramate
72
When should topiramate be avoided
women of child bearing age teratogenic reduces effectiveness of contraceptives
73
First line drug treatment of migraine
oral triptan + paracetamol/NSAID
74
Second line treatment of migraine
metoclopramide (can cause acute dystonia in young) | prochlorperazine
75
complimentary therapy for migraine
riboflavin supplements | acupuncture
76
What is the first-line treatment drug of generalised seizures
sodium valproate (UNLESS WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE)
77
second line treatment for generalised seizures
lamotrigine carbamazepine [first-line for women of childbearing age]
78
treatment of absence seizures
sodium valproate or ethosuximide
79
first-line treatment of myoclonic seizures
sodium valproate
80
second-line treatment of myoclonic siezures
clonazepam | lamotrigine
81
Which seizures can carbamazepine exacerbate
absence or myoclonic
82
Bamford classification criteria to be assessed
Unilateral hemiparesis and/or hemisensory loss of the face, arm and leg homonymous hemianopia higher cognitive dysfunction e.g. dysphasia
83
Involvement of TACI
middle and anterior cerebral arteries | all 3 of Bamford criteria
84
PACI involvement
smaller arteries of anterior circulation e.g. upper and lower division of middle cerebral artery two of the Bamford criteria present
85
Lacunar infarct involvement
Perforating arteries around the internal capsule, thalamus and basal ganglia 1. unilateral weakness 2. pure sensory stroke 3. ataxic hemiparesis
86
involvement of posterior circulation infarcts
``` vertrebrobasilar arteries one of the following: 1. cerebellar of brainstem syndromes 2. LOC 3. isolated homonymous hemianopia ```
87
Management of TIA
ABCDE2 score immediate 300mg aspirin (unless on anticoagulant or bleeding disorder) Refer urgently to TIA assessment
88
Management of haemorrhagic stroke
Stop anticoagulation consider referral for neurosurgery blood pressure management
89
typical anterior cerebral stroke presentation
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss with weaker lower extremity (see cortical homunculus)
90
MCA stroke presentation
contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss with more upper extremity involvement +hemianopia +aphasia
91
PCA stroke presenation
``` Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing visual agnosia (can't visually understand objects i.e. recognise people) ```
92
Weber's syndrome (branches of the PCA that supply midbrain) presentation
Ipsilateral CN III palsy | contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremity
93
posterior inferior cerebellar artery lateral medullary syndrome, Wallenberg syndrome presentation
Ipsilateral: face pain and temp loss Contralateral: limb/torso pain and temp loss Ataxia, nystagmus
94
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (lateral pontine syndrome) presentation
Wallenbergs + facial paralysis and deafness
95
Retinal/opthalmic artery occlusion presentation
amaurosis fugax
96
Basilar artery stroke
'Locked-in' syndrome (complete paralysis apart from eye movements)
97
What do lacunar strokes have a high association with
hypertension
98
Where is Wernicke's area
temporal lobe
99
where is Broca's area
frontal lobe
100
Signs of parietal lobe lesions
sensory inattention praxis tactile agnosia inferior homonymous quadrantanopia (lesion of superior optic radiation on contralateral side)
101
Signs of occipital lobe lesion
``` Homonymous hemianopia (with macular sparing) Cortical blindess (loss of vision) visual agnosia ```
102
Signs of temporal lobe lesion
Wernicke's aphasia (word substitution) superior homonymous quadrantanopia (pie in the sky, inferior optic radiation lesion) auditory agnosia (impairment in sound perception) prosopagnosia (difficulty recognising faces)
103
Signs of frontal lobe lesions
``` Broca's aphasia disinhibition perseveration (stuck on topic) anosmia inability to generate a list ```
104
Signs of cerebellar midline lesions
gait and truncal ataxia
105
signs of cerebellar hemisphere lesions
IPSILATERAL: | intention tremor, past pointing, dysdiadokinesis, nystagmus
106
Features of MND
``` UPPER AND LOWER MN SIGNS fasciculations vague sensory symptoms e.g. pain wasting of small hand muscles DOES NOT AFFECT OCCULAR MUSCLES ```
107
UMN signs
``` Spastic paralysis (twitch or spasm muscles) hyperreflexia hypertonia (rigid) No fasciculations positive Babinski sign ```
108
LMN signs
``` Flaccid paralysis (no movement) hyporeflexia hypotonia fasciculations negative Babinski sign ```
109
Types of MND
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progressive muscular strophy bulbar palsy
110
Features of MS
``` optic neuritis Uhthoff's phenomenon (worsening of vision from heat) paraesthesia numbness trigeminal neuralgia spastic weakness ataxia tremor ```
111
Which tracts does Brown-Sequard syndrome (spinal cord hemisection) affect
lateral corticospinal tract dorsal columns lateral spinothalamic tract
112
Symptoms of Brown-Sequard syndrome
Ipsilateral spastic paresis below lesion Ipsilateral loss of proprioception and vibration Contralateral loss of pan and temperature
113
What causes subacute combined degeneration of the cord
vitamin B12 and E deficiency
114
Which tracts are affected by subacute degeneration of the cord
Lateral corticospinal tract Dorsal column Spinocerebellar tract
115
Symptoms of subacute degeneration of the cord
bilateral spastic paresis bilateral loss of proprioception and vibration sensation bilateral limb ataxia
116
Dermatome of thumb and index finger
C6
117
Dermatome of middle finger and palm
C7
118
Dermatome of ring and little finger
C
119
Dermatome of nipples
T4
120
Umbilicus dermatome
T10
121
Knee caps dermatome
L4
122
Big toe dermatome
L5
123
Lateral foot, small toe dermatome
S1
124
What visual defect is a pituitary tumour likely to cause
Bitemporal hemianopia (lesion of optic chiasm)
125
Cause of superior homonymous quadrantanopia
lesion of inferior optic radiation (Meyer's loop) - temporal lobe
126
Cause of inferior homonymous quadrantanopia
Lesion of superior optic radiation (Baum's loop) - parietal lobe
127
Mnemonic for inferior/superior quadrantanopia
PITS Pariteal = Inferior Temporal = Superior

Finals (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions