Networks 2nd PDF

Question 1

a description of layered communications and computer network protocol and transmission design

Answer 1

OSI Model

Question 2

OSI

Answer 2

Open System Interconnection Reference Model

Question 3

This provides a standardized approach to understanding how data is transmitted across networks.

Answer 3

OSI Model

Question 4

This is a conceptual model and not a physical implementation

Answer 4

OSI Model

Question 5

7 Layers of OSI Model

Answer 5

Layer 7: Application
Layer 6: Presentation
Layer 5: Session
Layer 4: Transport
Layer 3: Network
Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 1: Physical

Question 6

Software Layer

Answer 6

Layer 7: Application
Layer 6: Presentation
Layer 5: Session

Question 7

Hardware Layer

Answer 7

Layer 3: Network
Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 1: Physical

Question 8

Sequence of layers when transmitting data

Answer 8

Layer 7 to /Application to Physical

Question 9

Sequence of layers when receiving data

Answer 9

Layer 1 to 7/Physical to Application

Question 10

This is responsible for the transmission of raw bit streams over a physical medium.

Answer 10

Physical Layer/Layer 1

Question 11

Physical Layer Functions

Answer 11

Bit Transmission
Physical Connection
Signal Encoding
Bit Synchronization
Error Detection

Question 12

This converts digital data into electrical signal or light pulses suitable for transmission.

Answer 12

Bit Transmission

Question 13

This defines the physical characteristics of the network, such as cables, connectors, and interfaces.

Answer 13

Physical Connection

Question 14

This determines how bits are represented as signals

Answer 14

Signal Encoding

Question 15

This ensures that the sender and receiver clocks are synchronized

Answer 15

Bit Synchronization

Question 16

This implements basic error detection techniques like parity checking

Answer 16

Error Detection

Question 17

This is responsible for reliable data transfer between nodes on a network segment

Answer 17

Data Link/Layer 2

Question 18

This bridges the gap between the physical layer’s raw bit transmission and the network layer’s logical addressing

Answer 18

Data Link/Layer 2

Question 19

Data Link Functions

Answer 19

Framing
Physical Addressing
Error Detection and Correction
Flow Control

Question 20

This divides the data into smaller units called frames

Answer 20

Framing

Question 21

This adds a header and trailer to each frame, containing control information like source and destination addresses, error-checking codes, and sequence numbers

Answer 21

Framing

Question 22

This assigns unique physical addresses (MAC Addresses) to each Network Interface Card (NIC).

Answer 22

Physical Addressing

Question 23

This uses addresses to identify devices on the same network segment

Answer 23

Physical Addressing

Question 24

This employs techniques like Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) to detect errors in transmitted data.

Answer 24

Error Detection and Correction

Question 25

This may use error correction method like Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) to retransmit damaged or lost frames.

Answer 25

Error Detection and Correction

Question 26

Regulates the rate of data transmission to prevent the receiver from being overwhelmed.

Answer 26

Flow Control

Question 27

This uses techniques like sliding window protocol to control the number of frames that can be transmitted before acknowledgement.

Answer 27

Flow Control

Question 28

This is responsible for logical addressing and routing data packets across different networks.

Answer 28

Network Layer/Layer 3

Question 29

This directs packets from source to destination

Answer 29

Network Layer/Layer 3

Question 30

Network Layer Functions

Answer 30

Logical Addressing Packet Switching Routing Congestion Control

Question 31

This assigns unique logical addresses (IP addresses) to each device on a network. These addresses are used to identify devices across different networks.

Answer 31

Logical Addressing

Question 32

This breaks data into smaller packets for efficient transmission. Each packet contains source and destination IP addresses, allowing routers to forward them independently.

Answer 32

Packet Switching

Question 33

This determines the best path for packets to travel from source to destination.

Answer 33

Routing

Question 34

Routing protocols like _______ are used to exchange routing information between routers

Answer 34

RIP, OSPF, and BGP

Question 35

RIP

Answer 35

Routing Information Protocol

Question 36

OSPF

Answer 36

Open Shortest Path First

Question 37

BGP

Answer 37

Border Gateway Protocol

Question 38

This manages networks traffic to prevent congestion and ensure efficient data flow

Answer 38

Congestion Control

Question 39

Multiple devices can have the same MAC address True or False?

Answer 39

False

Question 40

OSPF Protocol is used in which layer?

Answer 40

Network Layer/Layer 3

Question 41

MAC addresses are used in which layer?

Answer 41

Data Link/Layer 2

Question 42

The fundamental protocol used to route data packets across the internet

Answer 42

IPV4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

Question 43

This assigns unique addresses to devices connected to the network enabling communication between them.

Answer 43

IP

Question 44

IP

Answer 44

Internet Protocol

Question 45

Each IPV4 address is a ________ number

Answer 45

32-bit

Question 46

Originally, IP addresses were divided into five different categories called

Answer 46

classes

Question 47

Each address class defines a different number of bits for its

Answer 47

Network Prefix (Network Address) and Host Number (Host Address)

Question 48

This specifies the unique number which is assigned to your network

Answer 48

Network Address

Question 49

This is a specific address number assigned to each host machine

Answer 49

Host Address

Question 50

This uses fixed-length subnet masks and categorizes IP addresses into five classes (A, B, C, D, E)

Answer 50

Classful Addressing (1981)

Question 51

This is also called CIDR, uses VLSM and allows for flexible allocation of bits to network ID and host ID

Answer 51

Classless Addressing (1993)

Question 52

CIDR

Answer 52

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Question 53

VLSM

Answer 53

Variable-Length Subnet Masks

Question 54

these have to do with the size of networks as they are assigned from IANA

Answer 54

Classful and Classless

Question 55

these have to do with how you allocate your IP space within your networks

Answer 55

FLSM and VLSM

Question 56

FLSM

Answer 56

fixed-length subnet mask

Question 57

In a word, Classless Addressing can be summarized as:

Answer 57

Efficient

Question 58

This is the practice of dividing a network into two or more networks

Answer 58

Subnetting

Question 59

Taking a network and dividing it into sub-networks is?

Answer 59

Subnetting

Question 60

This offers a compact and extremely useful way to represent IP addresses and their associated subnet masks

Answer 60

CIDR Notation