Micro 11-13 Flashcards by Prince Gian Caranza Robles

is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino

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Arduino was born at the ____ as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming.

Ivrea Interaction Design Institute (Ivrea, Italy)

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IDE

Integrated Development Environment

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Arduino offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

Inexpensive
Cross-platform
Simple, clear programming environment
Open source and extensible software
Open source and extensible hardware
Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn it into an output
You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE
Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++
You can simply use a USB cable to load a new code onto the board
Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package

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A feature where the Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

Cross-platform

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A feature where the Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.

Simple, clear programming environment

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A feature where Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms.

Inexpensive

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A feature where the language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it’s based

Open source and extensible software

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A feature where the plans of the Arduino boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it

Open source and extensible hardware

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A feature where the Arduino software is published as open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers

Open source and extensible software

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How to set up the Arduino IDE:

Step 1: First you must have your Arduino board and a USB cable
Step 2: Download Arduino IDE Software
Step 3: Power up your board
Step 4: Launch Arduino IDE
Step 5: Open your first project
Step 6: Select your Arduino board
Step 7: Select your serial port

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Give at least 3 Operating System that is compatible with the Arduino IDE software.

Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux

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is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance

Open source software

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is the part of software that most computer users don’t ever see; it’s the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of software—a “program” or “application”—works.

“Source code”

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Founders of Arduino

Massimo Banzi
David Cuartielles
Tom Igoe
David Mellis
Gianluca Martino
(2005)

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Parts of Arduino Uno

Power USB
Power (Barrel Jack)
Voltage Regulator
Crystal Oscillator
Arduino Reset
Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
Analog pins
Main microcontroller
ICSP pin
Power LED indicator
TX and RX LEDs
Digital I/O
AREF

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Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer

Power USB

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Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack

Power (Barrel Jack)

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The function of the _____ is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements

Voltage Regulator

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helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the

Crystal Oscillator (16.000H9H = 16MHz)

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You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program from the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET

Arduino Reset

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This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external power source, like AC mains power supply

Pin Vin

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These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor

Analog pins

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You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board

Main microcontroller

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a tiny programming header for the Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often referred to as an SPI , which could be considered as an "expansion" of the output.

ICSP pin

This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino into a power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly.

Power LED indicator

They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. Second, The ___ flashes with different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on the baud rate used by the board. ___ flashes during the receiving process.

TX and RX LEDs TX led RX led

These pins can be configured to work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc.

Digital I/O

It is sometimes, used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the analog input pins.

AREF

SPI

(Serial Peripheral Interface)

TX and RX means?

TX (transmit) and RX (receive)

The pins labeled “~” can be used to generate

PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)

AREF

Analog Reference

Can be used as input or output pins.

Digital Pins 0 - 13 (Input/Output Pins)

Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

Pins 0 (Rx), 1 (Tx)

To trigger an interrupt.

Pins 2, 3 (External Interrupts)

Provides 8-bit PWM output.

Pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11

Used for SPI communication.

Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK)

To turn on the inbuilt LED.

Pin 13

Used for TWI (Two-Wire Interface) communication.

Pins A4 (SDA - Serial Data), A5 (SCL - Serial Clock) Note: SCL is Serial Clock for I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), while SCK is for SPI Communication

To provide reference voltage for input voltage.

AREF

Recommended Input Voltage

7-12V

Input Voltage Limits

6-20V

Operating Voltage

Arduino Uno Microcontroller

ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller

Frequency (Clock Speed)

16 MHz

DC Current on I/O Pins

40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin

50 mA

Flash Memory

32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM

2 KB (Static random-access memory)

EEPROM

1 KB (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

ICSP

In-circuit serial programming

is a synchronous serial data protocol used by microcontrollers for communicating with one or more peripheral devices quickly over short distances. It can also be used for communication between two microcontrollers.

SPI

With an SPI connection there is always one master device (usually a microcontroller) which controls the peripheral devices. Typically there are three lines common to all the devices:

* MISO (Master In Slave Out) * MOSI (Master Out Slave In) * SCK (Serial Clock)

The Slave line for sending data to the master,

MISO

The Master line for sending data to the peripherals,

MOSI

The clock pulses which synchronize data transmission generated by the master

SCK

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts

Structure, Values (variables and constants), and Functions

Software structure consist of two main functions

* Setup( ) function * Loop( ) function

This function is called when a sketch starts

setup() function

Use it to initialize the variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. This function will only run once, after each power up or reset of the Arduino board.

setup() function

This loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.

loop() function

data types that you will use during Arduino programming:

void, Boolean, char, Unsigned char, byte, int, Unsigned int, word, long, Unsigned long, short, float, double, array, String-array char, String-object

It indicates that the function is expected to return no information to the function from which it was called. The ____ keyword is used only in function declarations.

Void

holds one of two values, true or false. Each ____ variable occupies one byte of memory.

Boolean

A data type that takes up one byte of memory that stores a character value

char

The unsigned char data type encodes numbers from

0 to 255

A ___ stores an 8-bit unsigned number, from 0 to 255.

byte

are the primary data-type for number storage. This stores a 16-bit (2-byte) value

Int (Integers)

Integers range from

minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15) - 1

are the same as int in the way that they store a 2 byte value. Instead of storing negative numbers, however, they only store positive values

Unsigned int (unsigned integer)

Unsigned int ranges from

0 to 65,535 (2^16) - 1

variables are extended size variables for number storage, and store 32 bits (4 bytes)

long

long variable ranges from

-2^31 to (2^31) - 1

variables are extended size variables for number storage and store 32 bits (4 bytes) but will not store negative numbers

Unsigned Long

Unsigned long ranges from

0 to 4,294,967,295 (2^32 - 1)

___ stores a 16-bit (2-byte) value

short

short ranges from

minimum value of -2^15 and a maximum value of (2^15) - 1

are often used to approximate the analog and continuous values because they have greater resolution than integers

Floating-point numbers

Variables in C programming language, which Arduino uses, have a property called

scope

is a region of the program and there are three places where variables can be declared.

scope

The three places where variables can be declared:

local variables formal parameters global variables

Inside a function or a block, which is called

local variables

In the definition of function parameters, which is called

formal parameters

Outside of all functions, which is called

global variables

Variables that are usually at the top of the program

global variables

Variables are not known to function outside their own

local variables

This variables will hold their value throughout the life-time of your program. This can be accessed by any function. This is available for use throughout your entire program after its declaration

global variables

is the name that Arduino uses for a program. It's the unit of code that is uploaded to and run on an Arduino board.

sketch

What is the difference of Float data type to Double data type?

Float is suitable for applications where memory is a concern and high precision is not required. While, Double is used when higher precision is needed, such as scientific calculations.

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Micro 11-13 Flashcards

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