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Ortho > Netter's spine > Flashcards

Netter's spine Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hip pointer

A

contusion of iliac crest

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2
Q

common site for autologous bone graft harvest

A

iliac crest

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3
Q

what part of the atlas (C1) is the attachment site for the ALL

A

anterior tubercle

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4
Q

What part of the atlas (C1) is the attachment site of ligamentum nuchae?

A

posterior tubercle

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5
Q

what is the primary horizontal stabilizer of the Axis (C2)

A

odontoid process (dens)

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6
Q

What part of cervical vertebrae have foramen for vertebral artery except C7

A

transverse processes

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7
Q

What part of cervical vertebrae can accept screws if angled laterally

A

lateral masses . . . artery at risk in foramen

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8
Q

site of sponsylolysis fx

A

pars intercularis . .area between facets

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9
Q

avulsion fracture can occur where on lumbar vertebrae

A

transverse process

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10
Q

in the lumbar spine, failure of fusion of two neural arches (pedicle/lamina) ossification centers results in what?

A

spina bifida

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11
Q

what is the first x ray in all trauma cases

A

lateral cross table of cervical spine

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12
Q

In spinal cord trauma, what given within 8 hrs of injury may improved functional level?

A

IV methylprednisolone

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13
Q 
#1 type of spinal cord injury?
give mechanism and details
A
  • central cord
  • hyperextension
  • seen in elderly with cervical spondylosis
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14
Q

What is the primary stabilizer of the occipitoatlantal joint?

A

Tectorial membrane

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15
Q

The tectorial membrane is a continuation of what?

it limits what movement?

A
  • PLL

- extension

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16
Q

strongest AA ligament that holds that odontoid to the atlas

A

Transverse atlantal

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17
Q

This is part of the intervertebral disc that attaches to adjacent vertebral bodies and gives strong conncection b/t adjacent bodies

A

Annulus

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18
Q

This is a strong, thick ligament that attaches to adjacent anterior vertebral bodies and resists hyperextension

A

ALL

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19
Q

This ligament is weak, limits hyperflexion and the disc herniates around it

A

PLL

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20
Q

This is a strong, NOT continuous ligament that may hypertrophy and contribute to nerve root impingement

A

Ligamentum flavum

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21
Q

This ligament goes from L5 transverse process to the ilium and may avulse in pelvic fracture (eg, vertical shear fx)

A

iliolumbar

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22
Q

2 parts of the intervertebral disc

A
  • outside: annulus fibrosus

- inside: nucleus pulposus

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23
Q

hypertrophic changes in the facet (zygapophyseal joint) in degenerative disease can cause/contribute to what?

A

nerve root impingement

24
Q

What type of cartilage is outer annulus made of

A

dense (type 1 collagen)

25
Q

what type of collagen is nucleus pulposus made of

A

type 2

26
Q

what happened to nucleus pulposus with advancing age

A

water and proteoglycan content decrease

27
Q

The nucleus pulposus can herniate out of the annulus and compress nerve root. . . what is #1 level

A

L4-5

28
Q

This is the articulation in cervical spine b/t the uncinate process on the concave superior end plates of the inferior vertebral body and the articulating portion of the convex inferior end plate of the superior adjacent vertebral body

A

Joints of Luschka

29
Q

Articular cartilage of the joints of Luschka can degenerate and contribute to what?

A

cervical spondylosis

30
Q

Bowel/bladder symptoms are concerning for what spinal cord pathology

A

Cauda equina syndrome

31
Q

C5 reflex?

A

biceps brachii

32
Q

C6 reflex?

A

brachioradialis

33
Q

C8 muscles

A

interossei

34
Q

C6 muscle

A

biceps brachii

35
Q

What reflexes in upper extremity are indicative of myelopathy (upper motor neuron lesion)?

A
  • Inverted radial: tap BR tendon in distal forearm . . . hypoactive BR and hyperactive finger flexion
  • Hoffman’s: flick MF DIPJ into flexion, pathologic if thumb IPJ flexes
36
Q

What reflexes in lower extremity are indicative of myelopathy (upper motor neuron lesion)?

A
  • Babinski

- Ankle clonus

37
Q

Motor for L4

A
  • Quads

- Tib ant

38
Q

Motor for L5

A

EHL

39
Q

what are the 3 erector spinae muscles from lateral to medial

A
  • Iliocostalis
  • Longissimus
  • Spinalis
40
Q

The spinal cord fruns from the brain stem to conus medullaris which terminates where

A

L1

41
Q

Clavicle dermatome

A

C5

42
Q

nipple dermatome

A

T4

43
Q

umbilicus dermatome

A

T10

44
Q

inguinal dermatome

A

L1

45
Q

What is the most commonly compressed cervical nerve root

A

C6

46
Q

Most commonly compressed lumbar nerve root

A

L5

47
Q

What nerve roots are affected in cauda equina syndrome

A

S2-S4

48
Q

This is the primary blood supply to the thoracolumbar cord and injury can cause cord ischemia/paralysis

A

Artery of Adamkiewicz: single medullary artery (usually left T10-T12) to ant. spinal artery

49
Q

When assessing low back pain, what are Waddell signs?

A
  • Presence indicates nonorganic pathology
    1) Exaggerated response/overreaction
    2) Pain to light touch
    3) Nonanatomic pain localization
    4) Negative flip sign with positive straight leg test
50
Q

Myelodysplasia is incomplete spinal cord development (neural tube closure defect) . . it is associated with elevated maternal levels of what

A

AFP .. prenatal folic acid decreases incidence

51
Q

Myelodysplasia is often associated with what allergy

A

latex

52
Q

In myelodysplasia, symptoms/exam are based on lowest functional level . . intact what levels allows ambulation

A

L4

53
Q

Types of scoliosis

A
  • Congenital (abnormal vertebrae)
  • Idiopathic: most common, often + fam hx
  • Neuromuscular: associated with neuromuscular dz
54
Q

Most common type of idiopathic scoliosis?

Give certain traits

A
  • Adolescent
  • F > M
  • R > L
55
Q

Curve progression in Scoliosis is evaluated by what?

A
  • Curve magnitude: x-ray/Cobb angle

- Skeletal maturity: use Risser stage

56
Q

Neurologic findings in scoliosis are rare but are increased with what side

A

Left sided

57
Q

Anterior cervical spine approach accesses C3-T1. Most surgeons use which side and why

A
  • Left

- Right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to injury

Ortho (18 decks)

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