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Histology Block 1 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What anatomical division of the nervous system are cranial nerves a part of?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What are the two basic types of neural cells?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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3
Q

What are the two types of human tissue that exhibit excitability?

A

Neurons and muscle cells

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4
Q

What is the term for the collection netwrol of cellular processes of neruons and glial cells?

A

Neuropils

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5
Q

What types of glial cells are found within the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells

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6
Q

What types of glial cells are found within the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells, satellite cells

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7
Q

Which part of the neruon carriers impulses to the other neurons or effector organs?

A

The axon

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8
Q

What structure serves as the beginning of the axon?

A

Axon hillock

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9
Q

What are other names for the neuron cell body?

A

Soma or perikaryon

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10
Q

What are nissl bodies? What part of the neuron will these bodies not be found in? What color will they stain?

A

Nissl bodies are aggregations of rER and free ribosomes; NOT found in the axon hillock or axon; stains dark blue

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11
Q

What are most intermediate filament in a neuron called?

A

Neurofilaments

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12
Q

What structures are found at the very end of axons?

A

Terminal buttons

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13
Q

What part of the neuron is typically myelinated?

A

Axons

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14
Q

What cells provide myelination of neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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15
Q

What area of neuron(s) will be myelinated by one Schwann cell?

A

One Schwann cell forms myelin around a segment of one axon

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16
Q

What is the general term for Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

A

Neurolemmocytes

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17
Q

What is the functino of myelin?

A

Serves to insulate nerve fibers, increasing conduction speed

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18
Q

What are the small areas of axon not covered by myelin found in between myelinated segments?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

What are the major dense lines in myelin sheaths that periodically separate to allow transient movement of cytoplasm?

A

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

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20
Q

True or false: Even unmyelinated peripheral axons are enveloped by Scwann cells?

A

True

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21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

The voltage differenc across te cell membrane when the cell is at rest

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22
Q

What are the major ions involved in generating the membrane potential?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, A-

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23
Q

What is the approximate resting potential in neurons?

A

~-70mV

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24
Q

At rest where is the greatest concentration of Na+? K+?

A

Na= outside; K=inside the cell

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25
Q

What is the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

Maintains resting membrane potential by pumping out 3Na+ and takes in 2 K+ using ATP

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26
Q

What ion movement is responsible for neural depolarization?

A

Na+ influx

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27
Q

What is the approximate threshold potential for neurons?

A

~-55 mV

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28
Q

What events are responsible for repolarization of the neuron?

A

Closure of the Na+ channels and openind of voltage-gated K+ channels, allowing K+ efflux

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29
Q

What causes hyperpolarization of neurons? What is the physiologic importance of this phase?

A

Slow closing of the K+ channels; Creates a refractory period (cell cannot refire)

30
Q

What are the two mechanisms of action potential propagation? Which method is faster?

A

Saltatory and continuous conduction; Saltatory is faster

31
Q

What kind of neurons synapse in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

None

32
Q

In what kind of neurons does continuous conduction of action potentials occur?

A

Unmyelinated axons

33
Q

What is the anatomical basis of saltatory conduction?

A

Na+ channels are concentrated at Nodes of Ranvier

34
Q

What kind of cells can serve as post-synaptic cells?

A

Another neuron, muscle, or myoepitheial (gland)

35
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Chemical and electrical

36
Q

What structures are used to form electrical synapses?

A

Gap junctions

37
Q

By what process are neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft?

A

Exocytosis

38
Q

What is the approximate size of the synaptic cleft?

A

20-30 nm

39
Q

What type of synapse are between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron?

A

Axodendritic

40
Q

What are axosomatic synapse? Axoaxonic?

A

Axosomatic= axon to soma; axon to axon synapse

41
Q

What is the most common structural classification of neurons?

A

Mutlipolar neuron

42
Q

What types of neurons are typicaly multipolar?

A

Motor and interneurons

43
Q

Where can bipolar neurons be found?

A

The retina, CN I, CN VIII

44
Q

What type of neuron has one stem that splits near the cell body into 2 long processes?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

45
Q

What functional type of neuron are pseudopolar neurons typically?

A

Sensory

46
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue that surround an entire nerve?

A

Epineurium

47
Q

What kind of connective tissue surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perineurium

48
Q

What kind of connective tissue surround individual nerve fibers?

A

Endoneurium

49
Q

What is the name given to collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ganglia

50
Q

What distinctive feature does the dorsal root ganglion have surrounding it?

A

A distinctive connective tissue capsule

51
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Provide structural and metabolic support

52
Q

What structural class of neuron cell bodies are typically found within the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Pseudounipolar neurons

53
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia typically located?

A

Generally found in or near the tissues they innervate

54
Q

Where is gray matter located in the brain? In the spinal cord? What neural structures make up the grey matter?

A

The cortex; the inner portion; cell bodies and neuropil

55
Q

How many layers make up the cerebral cortex?

A

6

56
Q

What is the most prominent cell type within the cerebral cortex?

A

Pyramindal neurons

57
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A

Outer- Molecular layer; Central- Purkinje neurons; Inner- Granular layer

58
Q

What cells are responsible for myelination within the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

59
Q

Except for location, what is the difference in the function of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes can myelinate sections of many neurons

60
Q

What is the most numerous glial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

61
Q

Bundles of what kind of filament reinfornce larger processes of all astrocytes?

A

Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)

62
Q

What part of astrocytes completely encolse all capillaries and contribute to the blood brain barrier?

A

Perivascular feet

63
Q

What is the main structural component of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Capillary endothelium

64
Q

What feature of the brain endothelial cells prevent paracellular movement of molecules?

A

Continuous tight junctions

65
Q

What is the typical shape of ependymal cells?

A

Cuboidal or low columnar cells

66
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

Lining the ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord

67
Q

What apical specializations do ependymal cells commonly have?

A

Cilia and microvilli

68
Q

Ependymal cells of what structure function in the production of CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

69
Q

What cells serves as the macrophages of the CNS?

A

Microglia

70
Q

What is the simpest form of sensory receptor?

A

Free nerve endings

71
Q

What are the small, encapsulated receptors in the dermis of skin which respond to light discriminatory touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

72
Q

What are the large, encapsulated receptors in depper layers of skin, ligaments and joint capsules that sense pressure, vibration and tension?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

Histology Block 1 (6 decks)

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