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Histology Block 1 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average amount of circulating fluid in the adult human body?

A

16 L

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2
Q

What is the average volume of plasma in an adult human?

A

3.5 L

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3
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

Transport of nutrients and waste, acid.base regulation, immune response, and water balance

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4
Q

Where in the body is most blood volume at any given time?

A

Peripheral veins (65%)

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5
Q

Where in the circulatory system is the major site of gas exchange?

A

Capillaries

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6
Q

What is the innermost layer of all blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima

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7
Q

What is the tunica intima composed of?

A

Endothelium and basal lamina, smooth muscle cells (sometimes), connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the components of the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells, connective tissue, internal elastic lamina

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9
Q

What structures are included in the tunica adventitia?

A

Connective tissue, vasa vasorum, nervi vascularis, external elastic lamina

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10
Q

What seperates the tunica intima from tunica media in large arteries?

A

Internal elastic membrane

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11
Q

What is the thickest layer of large arteries?

A

Tunica media

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12
Q

What feature of the eleastic sheets in the tunica media facilitate nutrient and gas exchage?

A

Fenestrations

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13
Q

What is the source of the elastin, collagen, and other ECM molecules within the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

What layer of large arteries contain unmyelinated nerves and macrophages?

A

Tunica adventitia

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15
Q

What seperates tunica media from tunica adventitia in muscular arteries?

A

External elastic lamina

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16
Q

How big are arterioles?

A

10-100 micrometers diameter

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17
Q

What is the size of named/muscular arteries?

A

2-10 mm diameter

18
Q

What is the site of the greatest peripheral resistance in the circulatory system?

A

Arterioles

19
Q

What are the functions of Weibel-Palade bodies?

A

Recruitment of platelets to form clots, secrete particular factors that lead to blood clotting

20
Q

What is the general term for moving things from the lumen through the cell and to the basolateral surface? What are the mecanisms by which this is achieved?

A

Transcytosis; Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis, and channels

21
Q

Where does microcirculation begin and end?

A

Begins at arterioles and ends at venules

22
Q

What are precapillary sphincters? What is their physiologic function?

A

Smooth muscle sphincters at the junction of the arteriole and capillary; Occlude the lumens of capillaries, forcing blood through a given channel toward the venous side

23
Q

What are pericytes and what is their function?

A

Stem cells that surround capillaries, venules, and arterioles; give rise to smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells if damage or injury occurs

24
Q

What layers are within the walls of the capillaries?

A

Just endothelium- no tunica media or adventitia

25
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, and sinusoidal capillaries

26
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Brain, heart, muscle, blood organ barriers

27
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Endocrine organs/glands, kidneys

28
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

29
Q

What is the general function of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Filtration

30
Q

What is the general function of continous capillaries?

A

Gas exchange, transcytosis

31
Q

What contributes to the formation of the sinusoids in capillaries?

A

Incomplete or absent basal lamina

32
Q

What is the general function of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Passage of large molecules

33
Q

What is the name of the membrane that may or may not cover fenestrations?

A

Diaphragms

34
Q

What is a thoroughfare channel?

A

A microcirculatory structure that has no sphincters and allows blood to avoid some part of the capillary bed

35
Q

What supplies the blood from the arteriole to the thoroughfare channel?

A

A metarteriole

36
Q

What structure provides a pathway to bypass microcirculation, shunting blood directly from arteries to veins w/o going through the capillary network?

A

Arteriovenous shunt

37
Q

What is the path of blood flow in an arterial portal system?

A

Afferent arteriole–> capillary network–> efferent arteriole–> capillary network on other side of organ–> venule

38
Q

What is the path of blood flow in a venous portal system?

A

Arteriole–> capillary–> vein–> capillary or sinusoid–> vein

39
Q

Regarding the thickness of the wall layers, how could distinguish between an artery and vein?

A

The tunica adventita is thicker than the tunica media in veins

40
Q

The presence of what in the tunica adventitia indicates the vessel is a vein?

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle cells

41
Q

How are smooth muscles arranged in the tunica adventitia of large veins?

A

One layer parallel to blood flow and another layer perpindicular

Histology Block 1 (6 decks)

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