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Histology Block 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the theoretical model for the plasma membrane?

A

Modified fluid-mosaic model

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2
Q

What are the surface molecules on cells that establish the extracellular microenvironment?

A

Glycocalyx

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3
Q

What type of integral membrane protein anchors the extracellular matric to the intracellular cytoskeleton?

A

Linker proteins

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4
Q

What characteristics describe molecules that can diffuse through the cell membrane?

A

Small, lipid soluble, or uncharged molecules

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5
Q

What classes of proteins facilitate membrane transport?

A

Carrier and channel proteins

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6
Q

What regulates membrane transport by channel proteins?

A

Membrane potentials, neurotransmitters, or mechanical stress

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7
Q

What are the two exocytosis pathways? What is the primary difference between them?

A

Constitutive and Regulated-secretory pathway; Proteins that are constantly secreted go through the constiutive pathway while the regulated secretory pathway is triggered by a stimulus

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8
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The nonspecific uptake of fluid and small molecules by small vesicles

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9
Q

OF pinocytosis and phagocytosis, which is receptor-mediated?

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

What are the membrane-bound compartments in the cell formed by endocytotic pathways?

A

Endosomes

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11
Q

What is unique about the membrane of lysosomes?

A

It is resistant to hydrolysis

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12
Q

What are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Site of protein synthesis and post-translatonal modification of newly synthesized proteins

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13
Q

What type of proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Secreted and integral membrane proteins

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14
Q

What serves as the principal organelle for detoxification in hepatocytes?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells with what charateristic?

A

High lipid metabolism

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16
Q

What are the flattened membrane-limited sacs within the Golgi apparatus?

A

Cisternae

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17
Q

What are the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus farthest away from the rER?

A

Trans-Golgi Network

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18
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Post-translational modification of proteins, sorting, packaging of proteins

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19
Q

What are the four major pathways of protein secretion via the Golgi apparatus?

A

Constitutive pathway to apical plasma membrane and to basolateral plasma membrane, endosomes and lysosomes, and regulated pathway

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20
Q

In which golgi pathway of protein secretion are proteins stored in secretory vesicles, which mature, fuse with plasma membrane to release their contents?

A

Regulated pathway

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21
Q

What types of cells do not have mitochondria?

A

RBCs and terminal keratinocytes

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22
Q

What ar e the three major functions of the mitochondria?

A

Oxidation reactions of the electron transport chain, synthesis of ATP, regulates transport of metabolites in and out of matrix

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23
Q

What is the neame of the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Cristae

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24
Q

What phospholipid is rich in the inner mitochondrial membrane and makes it impermeable to ions?

A

Cardiolipin

25
Q

What type of enymes are contained within the peroxisomes?

A

Oxidative enzymes

26
Q

What is the function of catalases in the peroxisome?

A

Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

27
Q

What kind of cytoskeletal fiber is the smallest?

A

Actin

28
Q

What kind of actin is polymeried? Unpolymerized?

A

F-actin; G-actin

29
Q

Which end of actin filament is fast growing?

A

Plus end

30
Q

What is actin filament growth dependent on? What other chemical species are required for polymerization?

A

Dependent on local concentrations of G-actin and ABPs; K+, Mg++, and ATP

31
Q

What are the functions of actin filaments?

A

Anchorage and movement of membrane proteins, microvilli structural core, cell locomotion, extension of filopodia

32
Q

What is the most abundant intermediate filament?

A

Vimentin

33
Q

What type of intermediate filament is found especially in muscle cells?

A

Desmin

34
Q

How is keratin from adjacent cells connected?

A

Desmosomes

35
Q

What intermediate fibers are especially associated with the nuclear envelope

A

Lamins

36
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers

37
Q

Which end of the microtubule corresponds to alpha-tubulin and the MTOC?

A

minus end

38
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Intracellular vesicle transport, movement of cilia and flagella, attachment of chromosomes to mitotic spindle, cell elongation and movement, maintenance of cell shape

39
Q

What type of motor protein moves toward the minus end of the microtubule?

A

Dyneins

40
Q

What are centrioles composed of?

A

9 micotubule triplets

41
Q

What does the microtubule-organzing center contain?

A

Centrioles and the pericentriolar material

42
Q

What type of tubulin serves as the nucleation site for new microtubules?

A

Gamma tubulin

43
Q

What are the functions of centrioles?

A

Development of cilia and mitotic spindle organization

44
Q

Where do microtubules connect to chromosomes?

A

Kinetochore

45
Q

What is the action of colchicine? What is it used to treat?

A

Prevents microtubule polymerization and ergo cell division; gout

46
Q

What is the action fof vincristine? What is it used to treat?

A

Inhibits formation of the mitotic spindle; cancer

47
Q

What is the effect of taxol? What is it used to treat?

A

Stabilizes and prevents depolymerization of microtubules; cancer

48
Q

What type of inclusion is a conglomerate of lipids, metals, and organic molecules?

A

Lipofuscin

49
Q

What type of inclusion is an iron-storage complex?

A

Hemosiderin

50
Q

What part of nucleolus contains DNA of five chromosomes, RNA pol I and transcription factors?

A

Fibrillar center

51
Q

What part of the nucleolus is the site of initial ribosome assembly ?

A

Granular material

52
Q

What structure mediates bidirectional nucleo-cytoplasmic transport?

A

Nuclear Pore Complex

53
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

54
Q

In which mitotic phase do daughter chromosomes separate?

A

Anaphase

55
Q

What are the phases of prophase I of meiosis I?

A

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis

56
Q

In which phase of prophase I does recombination occur?

A

Pachytene

57
Q

What form of cell death triggers a strong inflammatory response?

A

Necrosis

58
Q

What are the structural characteristics of apoptosis?

A

DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies

Histology Block 1 (6 decks)

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