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Histology Block 1 > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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2
Q

What is the function of myoepithelial cells?

A

Help to expel secretions of certain secretry glands

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3
Q

What is the function of myofibroblasts?

A

Secretion of collagen, contractile capabilities; important in would repair

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4
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Smooth muscle-like cells that surround blood vessels

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5
Q

What is the special name for the cytoplasm of muscle cells?

A

Sarcoplasm

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6
Q

What is the name of the smooth ER in muscle cells?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What is the name of the plasma membrane of muscle cells?

A

Sarcolemma

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8
Q

What is a myocyte?

A

A muscle cell

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9
Q

What nerve fiber types supply motor innervation to skeletal muscle?

A

GSE, SVE

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10
Q

What is syncytium?

A

Multinucleated cells often formed by the fusion of many cells

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11
Q

How are muscle fibers formed developmentally?

A

Myoblasts fuse to form myotubes which fuse to form muscle fibers

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12
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Myoblasts that do not fuse but remain as mesenchymal cells

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13
Q

What is the role of satellite cells?

A

They can proliferate and produce new muscle cells in response to injury

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue component that surrounds the muscle deep to depp fascia?

A

Epimysium

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15
Q

What is the connective tissue component that surrounds a fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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16
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

A bundle of muscle fibers

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17
Q

What is the connective tissue component that surrounds a muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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18
Q

What is the name of the point at the end of muscles at which the epimysium becomes continuous with the tendon of the muscle?

A

Myotendinous Juction

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19
Q

Various fiber types in skeletal muscle are reflective of what?

A

The mitochondrial and myoglobin content of the muscle fiber

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20
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fiber types?

A

Type I (red), Type IIa (intermediate), Type IIb (white)

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21
Q

What skeletal muscle fiber type is slow twitching?

A

Type I

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22
Q

Whichskeletal muscle fiber type has the slowest rate of fatigue?

A

Type I

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23
Q

Which skeletal muscle fiber type has the lowest myoglobin content?

A

Type IIb

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24
Q

What is the major typical location of type I skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Postural muscles of the back

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25
Q

What is the major typical location of type IIa skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Major muscles of the lower extremity

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26
Q

What is the major typical location of type IIb skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Extraocular muscles, muscles controlling finger movements and precise movements

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27
Q

What is the relative speed of contraction of Type 2a skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Intermediate

28
Q

What is the hierarchal structure of muscle fascicles?

A

Skeletal muscle is composed of fascicles which are composed of muscle fibers, which are composed of myofibrils, which are composed of myofilaments

29
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Longitudinal cylindrical bundles of thick and thin myofilaments that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber

30
Q

What is the functional contractile unit of the myofibril?

A

The sarcomere

31
Q

Where is the typical location of the nuclei of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Peripherally located just beneath the sarcolemma

32
Q

What produces the striations in skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Precise arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments in a sarcomere

33
Q

Which bands are the dark bands in skeletal muscle? The light bands?

A

A bands; I bands

34
Q

What are transverse (T) tubules?

A

Invaginations of the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers that extend transversely into the muscle cells, surrounding each myofibril

35
Q

Which portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is on either side of T tubules?

A

Terminal cisternae

36
Q

What is a triad (in context of skeletal muscle)?

A

T-tubules + 2 terminal cisternae

37
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The regular repeating region between Z lines in muscle tissue

38
Q

What is the primary composition of thick filaments of the sarcomere? How are thick filaments held in place?

A

Myosin; disc-like zone (M line)

39
Q

What makes up the primary composition of thin filaments in a sarcomere? How are the thin filaments held in place?

A

F-actin; Held in place by the Z line

40
Q

What type of filaments compose I bands? A bands?

A

I bands contain thin filaments; A bands contain thick filaments

41
Q

In what region do A and I bands NOT overlap?

A

The H band region

42
Q

How are actin filaments anhored on the Z disc?

A

Alpha-actinin

43
Q

Which band(s) does not change length when muscle contracts?

A

A bands

44
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates

45
Q

What is the name of the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell?

A

Neuromuscular junction

46
Q

What is the terminal bouton?

A

The presynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction of the nerve

47
Q

What is the name of the postsynaptic side of a neuromuscular junction where the sarcolemma has infoldings forming pits with numerous Ach receptors?

A

Motor end plate

48
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Specialized strectch receptor units in skeletal muscle that provide info about muscle length

49
Q

What are the capsule surrounded muscle fibers that make up muscle spindles?

A

Intrafusal fibers

50
Q

Changes in what type of muscle fibers are detected within muscle spindles?

A

Extrafusal muscle (ordinary fibers)

51
Q

What are the specialized tension sensors at the myotendinous junction?

A

Golgi tendon organs

52
Q

What is the location of nuclei in cardiac muscle cells? How many nuclei do muscle cells typically contain?

A

1-2 centrally located nuclei per cell

53
Q

What are the complex junctions that are found connecting only cardiac muscle cells?

A

Intercalated discs

54
Q

What types of cell junctions are contained in intercalated discs?

A

Fascia adherens, desmosomes, and gap junctions

55
Q

What are the charcteristics of the mitochondria in cardiac muscle?

A

Abundant and large

56
Q

What is the structure of T tubules in cardiac tissue as opposed to in skeletal muscle?

A

The cardiac muscle T tubules are less orgaized and usually only form diads not triads

57
Q

What is the perinuclear space?

A

The area of cardiac muscle cells formed where myofibrils bypass the nucleus

58
Q

Why is smooth muscle not striated?

A

The contractile proteins are not arranged longitudinally in myofibrils with sacromeres

59
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle is influenced by what factors?

A

ANS, hormones, local factors

60
Q

Describe the structure of nuclei in smooth muscle cells.

A

A single, centrally located nucleus that appears corkscrew shaped when muscle is contracted

61
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Walls of GI, Respiratory, and Urinary tracts, some gland walls, and walls of blood vessels, arector pili muscles

62
Q

Smooth muscl is specialized for what kind of contractions?

A

Sustained contractions of low force, often wave-like or rhythmic

63
Q

What is the arrangement of contractile proteins of smooth muscle?

A

Arranged in crisscrossed bundles forming a lattice around the cell membrae

64
Q

To what are actin and intermediate filaments attached on the sarcolemma and in sarcoplasm?

A

Dense bodies

65
Q

What are caveolae?

A

Flask-shaped invaginations of the sarcolemma that play a role in smooth muscle Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling

66
Q

What are the two different classes of smooth muscle?

A

Unitary (single-unit) and multi-unit

67
Q

What is the source of contractions in unitary smooth muscle? In multi-unit smooth muscle?

A

The cells themselves; ANS

Histology Block 1 (6 decks)

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