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Block 4 Neuro Exam 1 > Nervous System Topography and Organization > Flashcards

Nervous System Topography and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic function of the Nervous System?

A

1Sensation= detect outside changes/events that occur

#2 Integration= interpret stimuli coming from an outside source and determines the appropriate response
#3 Reation= response to that outside stimuli(motor pathway to muscles/glands)

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2
Q

Central Nervous System referes to ?

A

Brain, Spinal cord and Cerebellum

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System refers to ?

A

Cranial Nerves (12) and Spinal Nerves (31)

Meaning= the wires coming out of the CNS

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4
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 in total paired up (thus 24 nerves singled up)

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5
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31in total paired up (thus 62 nerves singled up)

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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System includes which 2 type of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons= sense things in sensory organs and transmit info to CNS (sensory organs ->CNS0

Motor neurons= after interpretating the stimuli in CNS, motor neurons contact the effector organs to produce a reaction (CNS-> effector muscles/glands/organs)

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7
Q

Motor neurons (motor innervation) divides into ?

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System=controls Voluntary movements/responses

Autonomic Nervous System =controls Involuntary movements/responses

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8
Q

Autonomic Nervous System divides into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Sympathetic=fight or flight

Parasympathetic=rest and digest

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9
Q

How much in average does the brain weigh?

A

1400 grams (usually weighs more in male, but weight does not correlate with intelligence)

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10
Q

When people create synapsis, what happens?

A

you create channels of neurons of the specific task and you will remember it throughout your life

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11
Q

What divides the Brain into 2 Hemispheres? Right and Left Hemisphere

A

Falx Cerebri ( structure formed by the invagination of the dura mater creating longitudinal fissure)

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12
Q

What hormone is important for brain function? What can cause hormone to be decreased thus not allowing fully functioning of the brain?

A

Cortisol

Which can be decreased by STRESS

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13
Q

What are the barries of the brain?

A

Skull bones, meninges (Pia mater,arachnoid,dura mater) and Cerebrospinal fluid)

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14
Q

Dura mater has 3 major reflections?

A

Falx cerebri (vertical reflection)
Tentorium cerebelli (horizontal reflection)
Falx cerebelli (vertical reflection)

(which separate components of the brain)

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15
Q

What is the Tentorium cerebelli?

A

horizontal reflection that is located in the posterior fossa of the cerebral hemispheres and separated the cerebral hemispheres with the cerebellum

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16
Q

What is the Falx cerebelli?

A

vertical reflection.
Separates INCOMPLETELY 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

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17
Q

What is the cerebellum important?

A

mainly for balance

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18
Q

Arachnoid mater?

A

-nonvascular mebrane of mesothelium
-contains a weblike- trabecula
-located under pia mater

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19
Q

Pia mater?

A

-translucent membrane
-direct adhered to the brain

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20
Q

Where are the blood vessels of the brain located? In what layer are they located ?

A

in the Pia Mater

21
Q

What occurs if the meninges get infected?

A

Meningititis (requires inmediate medical attention)

22
Q

How can you confirm that there is an infection between the CNS?

A

Perform a Spinal tab (procedure to verify CSF)

23
Q

What does the cerebrum form?

A

Right/Left hemispheres (separated by a median longitudinal fissure)

24
Q

Cerebrum contains gray matter/ white matter. What is the difference?

A

Gray matter= outer cerebral cortex. Contains neurons (butterfly shape)
White matter= inner cerebral cortex. Contains mylenated axons

25
Q

What is the division above the tentorium line of the cerebellum called?

A

Supratentorial

*Supratentorial tumors= common in adults

26
Q

What is the division below the tentorium line of the cerebellum called?

A

Infratentorial

*Infratentorial tumors=common in children

27
Q

Why is frontal lobe important? What does it control?

A

Motion,Speech,Personality, Judgement, Control of impulses

28
Q

What is the difference between sulcus vs fissure?

A

Sulcus=is more deeper than the fissure

29
Q

Central sulcus divides which 2 lobes?

A

Frontal from the Parietal

30
Q

Frontal lobe contains the pre-central sulcus, which ?

A

contains motor function

31
Q

Parietal lobe contains the post-central sulcus, which ?

A

contains sensory function

32
Q

Lateral sulcus divides which 2 lobes?

A

frontal from the temporal

33
Q

Brain stem divides into?

A

-mesenceohalo(mid brain)
-pons
-medulla oblongata

34
Q

Why is the medulla oblongata important? Why do we you use a neck brace when there is an accident and the spinal cord can be affected?

A

contains neurons important for:
breathing,heart function, peristalsis function

35
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

-contains axon that extend from one hemisphere to the other.
-provides communication in between each hemispheres

36
Q

What are Commissural fibers ?

A

fibers that interconnect 2 hemispheres

ej: corpus callosum

37
Q

What are Projection fibers?

A

fibers that connect cortex(gray matter) to brain stem and spinal cord

38
Q

What are Association fibers?

A

fibers that connect within the same lobe/region

39
Q

What is a basal ganglia?

A

-cluster of neurons inbedded within white matter
-control fine- tunne movements
- contains thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra nucleus

40
Q

What are the Brain ventricles?

A

Lateral ventricle
Thrid ventricle
Fourth ventricle

41
Q

How are the ventricles called when they extend towards the spinal cord/brain stem?

A

ependymals

42
Q

What can be used as an anatomical reference for thalamus?

A

thrid ventricle

43
Q

What is the Frontal lobe in charge of ?

A

-largest lobe and front lobe
-Executive processing
-Prospective memory(remembering plans)
-Speech
-Language
-Movement control
-Personality
-Impulse control
-decision making
-emotional regulation
-related to learning,creativity and reasoning

44
Q

What is the Parietal lobe in charge of ?

A

-posterior to frontal lobe and superior to temporal lobe
-Visualspatial processing
-anterior parietal=contains primary sensory cortex (responsible for interpreting signals like:touch,position,vibration,pressure,pain,temperature)
-posterior parietal=contains association sensory areas (divides into superior parietal and inferior parietal)
-Functions: sensoring planing,spatial recognition,language,smell,hearing,taste,touch),

45
Q

What happens if there is a lesion involving the primary neurons of the parietal lobe?

A

There is a deficit on sensation (primary neurons are super strong and do 100% of the work)

46
Q

What happens if there is a lesion involving the secondary neurons of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary neurons corrects damage (sencondary neurons help primary neurons thus primary will act as backup)

47
Q

What is the Temporal lobe in charge of ?

A

-lower part of lateral brain
-contains hypocampus
-Functions: recognition,memory,semantic retrieval,sound recognition,short-term memory,face recognition

48
Q

What is the Occipatl lobe in charge of ?

A

-smallest lobe
-located in the posterior region of the brain
-Function: interpretation, visual processing, recognition of color, shapes

Block 4 Neuro Exam 1 (8 decks)

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