Nervous System Topography and Organization Flashcards
What is the basic function of the Nervous System?
1Sensation= detect outside changes/events that occur
#2 Integration= interpret stimuli coming from an outside source and determines the appropriate response
#3 Reation= response to that outside stimuli(motor pathway to muscles/glands)
Central Nervous System referes to ?
Brain, Spinal cord and Cerebellum
Peripheral Nervous System refers to ?
Cranial Nerves (12) and Spinal Nerves (31)
Meaning= the wires coming out of the CNS
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 in total paired up (thus 24 nerves singled up)
How many spinal nerves are there?
31in total paired up (thus 62 nerves singled up)
Peripheral Nervous System includes which 2 type of neurons?
Sensory neurons= sense things in sensory organs and transmit info to CNS (sensory organs ->CNS0
Motor neurons= after interpretating the stimuli in CNS, motor neurons contact the effector organs to produce a reaction (CNS-> effector muscles/glands/organs)
Motor neurons (motor innervation) divides into ?
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System=controls Voluntary movements/responses
Autonomic Nervous System =controls Involuntary movements/responses
Autonomic Nervous System divides into?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic=fight or flight
Parasympathetic=rest and digest
How much in average does the brain weigh?
1400 grams (usually weighs more in male, but weight does not correlate with intelligence)
When people create synapsis, what happens?
you create channels of neurons of the specific task and you will remember it throughout your life
What divides the Brain into 2 Hemispheres? Right and Left Hemisphere
Falx Cerebri ( structure formed by the invagination of the dura mater creating longitudinal fissure)
What hormone is important for brain function? What can cause hormone to be decreased thus not allowing fully functioning of the brain?
Cortisol
Which can be decreased by STRESS
What are the barries of the brain?
Skull bones, meninges (Pia mater,arachnoid,dura mater) and Cerebrospinal fluid)
Dura mater has 3 major reflections?
Falx cerebri (vertical reflection)
Tentorium cerebelli (horizontal reflection)
Falx cerebelli (vertical reflection)
(which separate components of the brain)
What is the Tentorium cerebelli?
horizontal reflection that is located in the posterior fossa of the cerebral hemispheres and separated the cerebral hemispheres with the cerebellum
What is the Falx cerebelli?
vertical reflection.
Separates INCOMPLETELY 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
What is the cerebellum important?
mainly for balance
Arachnoid mater?
-nonvascular mebrane of mesothelium
-contains a weblike- trabecula
-located under pia mater
Pia mater?
-translucent membrane
-direct adhered to the brain
Where are the blood vessels of the brain located? In what layer are they located ?
in the Pia Mater
What occurs if the meninges get infected?
Meningititis (requires inmediate medical attention)
How can you confirm that there is an infection between the CNS?
Perform a Spinal tab (procedure to verify CSF)
What does the cerebrum form?
Right/Left hemispheres (separated by a median longitudinal fissure)
Cerebrum contains gray matter/ white matter. What is the difference?
Gray matter= outer cerebral cortex. Contains neurons (butterfly shape)
White matter= inner cerebral cortex. Contains mylenated axons
What is the division above the tentorium line of the cerebellum called?
Supratentorial
*Supratentorial tumors= common in adults
What is the division below the tentorium line of the cerebellum called?
Infratentorial
*Infratentorial tumors=common in children
Why is frontal lobe important? What does it control?
Motion,Speech,Personality, Judgement, Control of impulses
What is the difference between sulcus vs fissure?
Sulcus=is more deeper than the fissure
Central sulcus divides which 2 lobes?
Frontal from the Parietal
Frontal lobe contains the pre-central sulcus, which ?
contains motor function
Parietal lobe contains the post-central sulcus, which ?
contains sensory function
Lateral sulcus divides which 2 lobes?
frontal from the temporal
Brain stem divides into?
-mesenceohalo(mid brain)
-pons
-medulla oblongata
Why is the medulla oblongata important? Why do we you use a neck brace when there is an accident and the spinal cord can be affected?
contains neurons important for:
breathing,heart function, peristalsis function
What is the corpus callosum?
-contains axon that extend from one hemisphere to the other.
-provides communication in between each hemispheres
What are Commissural fibers ?
fibers that interconnect 2 hemispheres
ej: corpus callosum
What are Projection fibers?
fibers that connect cortex(gray matter) to brain stem and spinal cord
What are Association fibers?
fibers that connect within the same lobe/region
What is a basal ganglia?
-cluster of neurons inbedded within white matter
-control fine- tunne movements
- contains thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra nucleus
What are the Brain ventricles?
Lateral ventricle
Thrid ventricle
Fourth ventricle
How are the ventricles called when they extend towards the spinal cord/brain stem?
ependymals
What can be used as an anatomical reference for thalamus?
thrid ventricle
What is the Frontal lobe in charge of ?
-largest lobe and front lobe
-Executive processing
-Prospective memory(remembering plans)
-Speech
-Language
-Movement control
-Personality
-Impulse control
-decision making
-emotional regulation
-related to learning,creativity and reasoning
What is the Parietal lobe in charge of ?
-posterior to frontal lobe and superior to temporal lobe
-Visualspatial processing
-anterior parietal=contains primary sensory cortex (responsible for interpreting signals like:touch,position,vibration,pressure,pain,temperature)
-posterior parietal=contains association sensory areas (divides into superior parietal and inferior parietal)
-Functions: sensoring planing,spatial recognition,language,smell,hearing,taste,touch),
What happens if there is a lesion involving the primary neurons of the parietal lobe?
There is a deficit on sensation (primary neurons are super strong and do 100% of the work)
What happens if there is a lesion involving the secondary neurons of the parietal lobe?
Primary neurons corrects damage (sencondary neurons help primary neurons thus primary will act as backup)
What is the Temporal lobe in charge of ?
-lower part of lateral brain
-contains hypocampus
-Functions: recognition,memory,semantic retrieval,sound recognition,short-term memory,face recognition
What is the Occipatl lobe in charge of ?
-smallest lobe
-located in the posterior region of the brain
-Function: interpretation, visual processing, recognition of color, shapes
