Nervous System Diseases Flashcards
sun setting sign is an early warning sign of
hydrocephalus
w/o a blood supply how long does it take for a neuron to run out of ATP
3 mins
ion changes that occur in neuron that lacks energy/is dying
leaks K+ and lets Ca++ in
what specifically kills neurons after they run out of ATP
Ca entry activates proteases, lipases, and nucleases which damage the cell
after ___ mins of cardiac arrest, 95% of the brain may be damaged
15
what causes edema in anoxic brain?
re-perfusion brings Ca and O2 –> ROS which damages blood vessels –> vessels leak –> edema
where is the respiratory center in the brain? how does it get damaged in herniation?
medulla which gets damaged when cerebellar tonsils get pushed thru the foramen magnum
how long does it take for red neurons to appear w/ anoxic enchephalopathy
12 hrs
at the following times, what happens after a cerebral infarct:
- 12 hrs
- 24-48 hrs
- 72 hrs - 3 weeks
- 3 weeks to 2 mos
- 12 hrs = red neurons
- 24-48 hrs = neutrophils
- 72 hrs - 3 weeks = macrophages
- 3 weeks to 2 mos = astrocytes proliferate around empty space (where liquefactive necrosis occured) and their processes form a wall around the hole that is left behind
berry aneurysm rupture causes what type of hemorhage
subarachnoid *WHOML
cuases of hydrocephalus in …
1) baby
2) older child
3) adult
1) baby = IVH (premies), arnold chiari malmornmation, dandy walker malformation, spina bifida
2) older child = tumor (ependymoma, medulloblastoma) or infection
3. adult = SAH, tumor (astocytoma, mets)
herpes encephalitis prefers what part of the brain
inf and medial temporal lobe, orbital gyri of frontal lobe
lilac colored ground glass intranuclear inclusions
HSV
areas in body where cells may have more than one nucleus
brain, liver, lung
HSV cuases the 3 Ms. what are they?
Multi-nucleation, Molded nuclei, and Marginated chromatin
brain equlvalent of a granuloma is called
microglial nodule
what are Negri bodies and what are they assc with
round-oval eosinophillic cytoplasmic inclusions containing RABIES VIRAL PROTEIN and RNA
immunosuppressed pt with focal neuro defecit due to cancer that is angiotrophic and angioinvasive = bleeding
CNS lymphoma
MC primary sites for brain mets
Lung, breast, skin, Kidney, GI
little boobies make girls kinky
psammoma bodies + brain mass
meningioma
*extracortical mass
numerous vacuoles in neutrophil + rapidly progressive dementia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
what are the plaques made of that are seen in alzheimer’s
neuritic processes formed around a core of A-beta amyloid
describe how beta amyloid plaques that are seen in alzheimer’s are made
alpha and beta secretase make A and Beta peptides –> they forms ABeta monomers –> oligomers –> aggregates
how to Abeta oligimers damage neurons
- activate kinases –> tau phosphorylation –> MT disassembly or tau aggregation –> neuronal damage
- synaptic dysfunction
perivascular pseudorosettes
ependymoma
sheets of small round blue cells
medulloblastoma
homer-wright rossettes
medulloblastoma
treatment for abcess
DRAIN –> GRAM STAIN/CULTURE
*many brain abscesses are polymicrobial
A 50-year-old white male farmer with the insidious onset of a dull constant headache (worse at night) develops episodes of unresponsiveness with stiff movements of an arm and leg, then nausea and vomiting, with loss of consciousness during an episode of vomiting.
glioblastoma
mutation assc with glioblatoms
CDKNA
mutation assc with neuroblastoma
NMYC
**tumor of kids that is derived from neural crest cells and occurs outside the brain
histo assc with glioblastomas
palisade around area of necrosis and giant cells
differential list for ring enhancing lesion
MAGIC DR L
Mets - Abscess - Glioblastoma multiforme - Infarct (subacute) - Contusion - Demyelinating Dz - Radiation necoris or Resolving hematoma - Lymphoma
stertorous breathing vs stritor
stertorous = hoarse/mouth breathing, post-ictal phase after tonic clonic seizure, or chronic nasal obstruction
stridor = high pitched and due to obstruction/restricted airway **indicative of a medical emergency
what type of bacteria commonly make up brain abcesses
poly microbial (aerobes and anaerobes)
