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Wrap-Up Block > Nervous System Diseases > Flashcards

Nervous System Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

sun setting sign is an early warning sign of

A

hydrocephalus

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2
Q

w/o a blood supply how long does it take for a neuron to run out of ATP

A

3 mins

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3
Q

ion changes that occur in neuron that lacks energy/is dying

A

leaks K+ and lets Ca++ in

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4
Q

what specifically kills neurons after they run out of ATP

A

Ca entry activates proteases, lipases, and nucleases which damage the cell

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5
Q

after ___ mins of cardiac arrest, 95% of the brain may be damaged

A

15

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6
Q

what causes edema in anoxic brain?

A

re-perfusion brings Ca and O2 –> ROS which damages blood vessels –> vessels leak –> edema

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7
Q

where is the respiratory center in the brain? how does it get damaged in herniation?

A

medulla which gets damaged when cerebellar tonsils get pushed thru the foramen magnum

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8
Q

how long does it take for red neurons to appear w/ anoxic enchephalopathy

A

12 hrs

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9
Q

at the following times, what happens after a cerebral infarct:

  • 12 hrs
  • 24-48 hrs
  • 72 hrs - 3 weeks
  • 3 weeks to 2 mos
A
  • 12 hrs = red neurons
  • 24-48 hrs = neutrophils
  • 72 hrs - 3 weeks = macrophages
  • 3 weeks to 2 mos = astrocytes proliferate around empty space (where liquefactive necrosis occured) and their processes form a wall around the hole that is left behind
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10
Q

berry aneurysm rupture causes what type of hemorhage

A

subarachnoid *WHOML

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11
Q

cuases of hydrocephalus in …

1) baby
2) older child
3) adult

A

1) baby = IVH (premies), arnold chiari malmornmation, dandy walker malformation, spina bifida
2) older child = tumor (ependymoma, medulloblastoma) or infection
3. adult = SAH, tumor (astocytoma, mets)

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12
Q

herpes encephalitis prefers what part of the brain

A

inf and medial temporal lobe, orbital gyri of frontal lobe

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13
Q

lilac colored ground glass intranuclear inclusions

A

HSV

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14
Q

areas in body where cells may have more than one nucleus

A

brain, liver, lung

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15
Q

HSV cuases the 3 Ms. what are they?

A

Multi-nucleation, Molded nuclei, and Marginated chromatin

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16
Q

brain equlvalent of a granuloma is called

A

microglial nodule

17
Q

what are Negri bodies and what are they assc with

A

round-oval eosinophillic cytoplasmic inclusions containing RABIES VIRAL PROTEIN and RNA

18
Q

immunosuppressed pt with focal neuro defecit due to cancer that is angiotrophic and angioinvasive = bleeding

A

CNS lymphoma

19
Q

MC primary sites for brain mets

A

Lung, breast, skin, Kidney, GI

little boobies make girls kinky

20
Q

psammoma bodies + brain mass

A

meningioma

*extracortical mass

21
Q

numerous vacuoles in neutrophil + rapidly progressive dementia

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

22
Q

what are the plaques made of that are seen in alzheimer’s

A

neuritic processes formed around a core of A-beta amyloid

23
Q

describe how beta amyloid plaques that are seen in alzheimer’s are made

A

alpha and beta secretase make A and Beta peptides –> they forms ABeta monomers –> oligomers –> aggregates

24
Q

how to Abeta oligimers damage neurons

A
  1. activate kinases –> tau phosphorylation –> MT disassembly or tau aggregation –> neuronal damage
  2. synaptic dysfunction
25
Q

perivascular pseudorosettes

A

ependymoma

26
Q

sheets of small round blue cells

A

medulloblastoma

27
Q

homer-wright rossettes

A

medulloblastoma

28
Q

treatment for abcess

A

DRAIN –> GRAM STAIN/CULTURE

*many brain abscesses are polymicrobial

29
Q

A 50-year-old white male farmer with the insidious onset of a dull constant headache (worse at night) develops episodes of unresponsiveness with stiff movements of an arm and leg, then nausea and vomiting, with loss of consciousness during an episode of vomiting.

A

glioblastoma

30
Q

mutation assc with glioblatoms

A

CDKNA

31
Q

mutation assc with neuroblastoma

A

NMYC

**tumor of kids that is derived from neural crest cells and occurs outside the brain

32
Q

histo assc with glioblastomas

A

palisade around area of necrosis and giant cells

33
Q

differential list for ring enhancing lesion

A

MAGIC DR L
Mets - Abscess - Glioblastoma multiforme - Infarct (subacute) - Contusion - Demyelinating Dz - Radiation necoris or Resolving hematoma - Lymphoma

34
Q

stertorous breathing vs stritor

A

stertorous = hoarse/mouth breathing, post-ictal phase after tonic clonic seizure, or chronic nasal obstruction

stridor = high pitched and due to obstruction/restricted airway **indicative of a medical emergency

35
Q

what type of bacteria commonly make up brain abcesses

A

poly microbial (aerobes and anaerobes)

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