Nervous System: CNS/Brain

Question 1

Protection of the CNS includes:

Answer 1

• Bone
• Meninges
• Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 2

Role of Bone

Answer 2

Skull and vertebrae

• surrounds brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Meninges

Answer 3

• Has 3 protective layers that hold cerebrospinal fluid
  1. Dura matter: tough (outermost)
  2. Arachnoid: “spider web” intermediate (middle)
  3. Pia matter: “soft” deepest (inner)

Question 4

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Answer 4

• Bathes brain tissue, located between arachnoid and pia matter, in central canal of spinal cord called ventricles
• provides nutrients to brain and eliminates waste from CNS
• Shock absorber

Question 5

Spinal Cord

Answer 5

• comes out of skull from opening called “foramen magnum”
• 2 main functions: two way system btwn brain and PNS (sensory and motor nerves), Reflex arcs (no brain involvement)
• vert and horz communication
• Each spinal nerve serves certain region of body

Question 6

Cross section of spinal cord consists of:

Answer 6

• Ganglion
• Dorsal root ganglion
• Ventral root ganglion

Question 7

Ganglion

Answer 7

• bundle of neurons

Question 8

Dorsal Root ganglion

Answer 8

• brings sensory info into spinal cord

Question 9

Ventral Root ganglion

Answer 9

• carries motor info from spinal cord to peripheral muscles, organs and glands

Question 10

What does the hindbrain consist of

Answer 10

• Medulla Oblongata
• Cerebellum
• Pons

aka as brainstem

Question 11

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 11

• Posterior (behind) portion of hindbrain
• joins w/ swollen extension of spinal cord
• site of connection btwn PNS n CNS
• Regulates involuntary muscle action, breathing, circulatory roles, swallowing, vomiting, n constriction of blood vessels
• Major site of coordination of autonomic NS

Question 12

Pons

Answer 12

• “bridge”
• between midbrain n medulla
• Relay center btwn two regions of cerebellum and cerebellum n medulla

Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

• beneath two hemisphere
• largest section of hindbrain
• “little brain”
• Receives sensory info from ears, eyes, n info about position of limbs
• Coordinates motor skills and muscular movement
• Controls balance, coordination, posture, muscle tone

Question 14

Midbrain

Answer 14

• consists 4 spheres of grey matter
• relay center for eye and ear reflexes
• Sensory inputs (vision, smell, hearing..)
• connect hindbrain to forebrain

Question 15

Forebrain consists of:

Answer 15

• Cerebrum
• Cerebral cortex
• Limbic system
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Olfactory Bulb
• Pituitary Gland

Question 16

Cerebrum

Answer 16

• Largest and most developed part of forebrain
• has left n right hemispheres
• Controls personality, complex thinking, language, senses, speech n memory
• Initiates voluntary movement
• inclues corpus callosum and lobes

Question 17

Right hemisphere

Answer 17

• “creative/emotional”

- stronger at pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, spatial awareness, emotional processing

Question 18

Left hemisphere

Answer 18

• “logical/linear side”

- more adept at language, math, logical operations, processing of serial sequences

Question 19

Corpus Callosum

Answer 19

• part of cerebrum
• bundle of nerves
• allows communication btwn 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

What are the lobes of cerebrum

Answer 20

• Frontal Lobe
• Temporal lobe
• parietal lobe
• occipital lobe

Question 21

Frontal Lobe

Answer 21

• Motor areas control voluntary movement (walking/speech) and personality

Question 22

Temporal Lobe

Answer 22

• on the side
• Interpret and process auditory stimuli (sounds)
• Sensory area for hearing (linked to ear) and linked to memory

Question 23

Occipital Lobe

Answer 23

• Sensory info from vision

Question 24

Parietal Lobe

Answer 24

• Sensory area for temp n touch, linked to emotions

Question 25

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 25

• Outer layer of brain surrounding cerebrum
• composed of grey matter
• large amt of brain activity
• Folded to inc surface area
• deep folds called fissures
• more folds=inc surface area=inc complexity of brain

Question 26

Limbic System

Answer 26

• Set of brain structures: hippocampus and amygdala (in temporal lobe)
• Together they support functions like emotions, behaviour, long term memory, and olfaction (smell)

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

effects learning n memory

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

effects anger, avoidance, defensiveness and fear (emotion)

Question 29

Thalamus

Answer 29

• located below cerebrum
• relay station for sensory input: sort n ship to appropriate part of cerebrum for interpretation
• Screens sensory info to direct attention to stimuli
• important in voluntary motor control

Question 30

Hypothalamus

Answer 30

• Below thalamus
• Maintains body internal equilibrium (tries to keep temp n stuff)
• direct connection btwn hypothalamus n pituitary gland, unites NS w/ endocrine system (hormones)
• control hunger, thirst, uterine contraction, milk ejection

Question 31

Olfactory Bulb

Answer 31

• Bottom of temporal lobes in forebrain

- Receive n interpret info about smell

Question 32

Pituitary Gland

Answer 32

• “master gland”
• controlled by hypothalamus
• controls endocrine system (hormones)