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Bio 30 > Endocrine System: Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine System: Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemicals produced in one part of body by endocrine system and secreted in circulatory system to affect cells
  • acts as regulators (to change speed of body processes)
  • Cells have certain receptors for certain hormones
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2
Q

Types of Hormones

A
  • Non-target
  • Target
  • Tropic
  • Non- Tropic
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3
Q

Non target hormones n example

A
  • affect many cells throughout body

ex. insulin causes many cells to absorb glucose

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4
Q

Target hormone and example

A
  • Affect specific cells or tissues only

- ex. gastrin affects stomach only

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5
Q

Tropic hormones n example

A
  • activate other endocrine glands to release hormones

ex. TSH from
pituitary activates thyroid gland to release thyroxine

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6
Q

Non tropic and ex

A
  • Stimulate other tissues that are not endocrine

ex. epinephrine affects heart, blood vessels, diaphragm, airways, etc.

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7
Q

what type of hormones does the pancreas produce

A
  • Somatostatin
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
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8
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • control rate at which blood absorbs nutrients

- in pancreas

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9
Q

Glucagon

A
  • produced by alpha cells
  • inc blood sugar lvls my stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood
  • in pancreas
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10
Q

Insulin

A
  • Produced by beta cells
  • decrease blood glucose lvl by increasing uptake of glucose by cells
  • in pancreas
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11
Q

Hormones from adrenal medulla and its functions

A
  • Epinephrine & norepinephrine
  • involved in short term stress response
  • controlled by sympathetic NS
  • causes increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, inc blood sugar, redirects blood to brain from muscles
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12
Q

Hormones from Adrenal Cortex

A
  • long term stress response

- ACTH acts on adrenal cortex to release these steroid hormones: Glucicorticoids, Mineralcorticoids, Sex Hormones

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13
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

A
  • inc lvl of amino acids in blood to help body recover from stress
  • amino acids convert to glucose by liver which raises lvl of blood sugar to provide greater energy source to help recover cells
  • amino acids not converted to glucose are available for protein synthesis to be used to repair damaged cells
  • Fats broken down to be used as second source of energy
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14
Q

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

A
  • Cause inc in reabsorption of sodium from nephron
  • Na absorbed > water follows > aldosterone lead water to reabsorption > inc blood pressure
  • aldosterone responds when BP is low (due to large loss of bodily fluids)
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15
Q

Sex Hormones

A
  • small amounts of male n female hormones
  • Responsible for female sex drive
  • at menopause, testosterone can be converted to some estrogen
  • assists in prepubertal growth spurt
  • assists in early sexual development
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16
Q

Hormones from Thyroid gland

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
17
Q

Thyroxine (T4) n Triiodothyronine (T3)

A
  • Iodine containing hormones
  • control rate at which glucose is burned in body
  • inc metabolism and heat production and regulates growth
  • feedback to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to stop producing TSH and TRH
18
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • causes blood calcium lvls to decrease by causing calcium to be deposited in bones
  • stimulated by high calcium lvls in blood
  • act on: kidneys (to secrete urine), intestines (inhibit absorption of Ca), Bones (promote Ca uptake from blood)
19
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A
  • stimulated by low Ca lvls in blood
  • Inhibit release of Calcitonin from thyroid gland
  • cause ca lvls in blood to increase
  • acts on: Kidneys (reabsorb more Ca before secreting and activates vit.D which promotes intestinal uptake of Ca, Intestines (to absorb Ca from food), Bones (release Ca into blood)
20
Q

Which hormones does the hypothalamus produce

A
  • ADH

- Oxytocin

21
Q

Releasing Hormones

A
  • aka releasing factors

- peptides produced by hypothalamus that stimulate anterior pituitary to release its hormones

22
Q

Inhibiting Hormones/factors

A
  • produced in hypothalamus
  • Stop pituitary secretions and inhibit production of anterior pituitary hormones
  • factors travel from hypothalamus to pituitary by blood vessels
23
Q

ADH (antidiuretic, vasopressin)

A
  • stimulate water reabsorption in nephron bcs of dehydration
  • released from posterior pituitary, but made in hypothalamus
  • water removed from urine to conserve body water>less urine> more water in blood> high BP
  • sensory receptors called osmoreceptor in hypothalamus detect osmotic pressure
  • make collecting duct of nephron more permeable to water
24
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • released from posterior pituitary, made in hypothalamus

- stimulates contraction of uterus and milk “let down” reflex

25
Q

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

A
  • stimulates growth (mostly bone n muscles)
  • inc protein synthesis n cell division
  • important in young children
  • associated w/ diet, stress lvls, sleep
  • affected by insulin, androgens, and thyroid hormones
26
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • stimulate thyroid to release its hormones (thyroxine)
  • type of tropic hormone
  • produced in anterior pituitary
27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Stimulate adrenal cortex to release its hormones (Aldosterone n cortisol)
  • type of tropic hormone
  • produced in anterior pituitary
28
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates production of breast milk after child birth

  • produced in anterior pituitary
29
Q

What are Gonadotropic Hormones

A
  • classified as tropic hormones
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
30
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • Females: stimulates development of follicles in ovary which stimulates production of estrogen
  • Male: stimulates production and maturation of sperm
31
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Females: Stimulates ovulation and production of corpus luteum which produces proestrogen and some estrogen
  • Males: aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) bcs it stimulates interstital cells to produce testosterone
32
Q

2 Classifications of hormones

A
  • steroid hormone

- protein hormone

33
Q

Steroid hormone

A
  • made from cholesterol
  • fat (lipid) soluble
  • longer lasting effect
  • act inside cell
  • can be orally taken (not digested in stomach)
  • ex. thyroxine, testosterone, estrogen
34
Q

Protein Hormones

A
  • made of proteins, peptides, or amino acids
  • water soluble
  • act outside of cell > activates enzymes in cytoplasm
  • cannot be orally taken (digested)
  • ex. ADH, insulin, GH
35
Q

Prostaglandins

A
  • Group of hormones that do not move to other sites in body
  • Act directly on cells that produce them
  • tissue cells release prostaglandins when tissue is damaged (stressed)
  • stimulate inflammination > inc. blood flow > stimulare platelets to form clots
  • Role in producing fever
  • inc perception of pain
36
Q

BP and Aldosterone

A
  • Juxtaglomerular appartus near glomerulus (in kidneys) has BP pressure receptors called baroreceptors
  • When BP is low, baroreceptors detect change and stimulate JGA to release enzyme called renin
  • renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotension
37
Q

Renin

A
  • renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin

- released when JGA is stimulated

38
Q

Angiotensin

A
  • constricts blood vessels > inc BP
  • Stimulates release of aldosterone > carried to kidneys to act on cells of distal tubule and collecting duct to inc Na absorption > osmotic pressure inc. > more water move out of nephron and into blood > inc BP and blood volume
39
Q

Aspirin

A
  • Effective reducer of pain, fever, inflammination
  • Blocks enzymes involved w/ prostaglandin production
  • reduce prostaglandin, blood dont clot easily
  • possible danger bcs you can bleed profusely

Bio 30 (11 decks)

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