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Bio 30 > Female Reproduction System > Flashcards

Female Reproduction System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A
  • Develop as a result of hormonal stimulation
  • Enlarged breasts, Hair growth, Wider at hips than shoulders, fat deposits around buttocks and hips, more fat than men, hands and feet smaller and narrower than men
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2
Q

Vagina

A
  • Muscular, elastic thin walled tube
  • 8-10 cm long
  • between bladder and rectum, extends from cervix to outside of body
  • called birth canal bcs passageway for delivery
  • passageway for menstrual flow to leave body
  • acidic pH that can be harmful to sperm
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3
Q

Cervix

A
  • end of uterus that opens to vagina
  • dilates during birthing process to allow delivery
  • Secretes mucus to encourage or prevent sperm entry
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4
Q

Uterus

A
  • Hollow, Muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized egg n holds and provides nutrients for developing embryo/fetus
  • not preg= size inverted pear
  • preg=very big
  • 3 major tissues: Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
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5
Q

Endometrium

A
  • Innermost layer where implantation occurs

- Supplies nutrients to embryo and is sloughed off periodically in non-preg woman (menstruation)

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6
Q

Fallopian Tube

A
  • Oviducts or uterine tubules
  • Carry eggs to uterus by cilia movement or muscle contraction
  • Site of fertilization
  • 10 cm long, 3-8 days for egg to travel thru tubes
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7
Q

Tubal Pregnancy (ecotopic pregnancy)

A

Occurs when implantation occurs in fallopian tube.

  • Not enough nutrients or space to support developing embryo
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8
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Size of almond
  • Eggs produced in follicles in ovary
  • Female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) produced in ovaries
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9
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Causes mitosis (cell division) to occur in endometrial layer leading to buildup of soft, spongey area for embryo to implant in uterus
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10
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Maintains the lining of uterus

- Stop uterine contractions

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11
Q

Egg cells (ovum)

A
  • Gametes produced before birth in embryonic female fetus
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12
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Production of egg cells by meiosis
  • Occurs in follicles in ovaries
  • start w/ primary oocyte (46 chromosomes)
  • end w/ 1 egg (23 chromosomes) and 3 polar bodies
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13
Q

Follicle cells

A
  • cells that surround the eggs
  • Help nourish developing egg
  • Produce estrogen and later progesterone
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14
Q

Follicle contains 2 types of cells and functions

A
  • Primary oocyte: precursor to mature egg
  • Granulosa: layer of cells that form follicle wall
  • provide nutrients for developing oocytes
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15
Q

Pathway of Oogenesis

A
  1. Follicle cells surrounding primary oocyte (46 chromosomes) begin to divide
  2. Oocyte undergoes meiosis to form secondary oocyte (23 chromosomes)
  3. Follicle cells surrounding oocyte divide, fluid filled cavity forms
  4. Eventually mature follicle pushes outward, ballooning outer wall of cavity
  5. Outer surface of ovary wall bursts and secondary oocyte is released (ovulation)
  6. Follicle cells turn into corpus lutem which secretes hormones needed for pregnancy. ( if no preg corpus lutem degenerates after 10 days after ovulation > menstruation)
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16
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Release of egg from follicle when it is mature (day 14)

- Egg enters fallopian tube

17
Q

Corpus Lutem

A
  • Empty follicle after ovulation
  • yellow
  • induced by LH to produce progesterone for 10 days after ovulation
  • no fertilization occurs after 10 days, corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone lvls drop > endometrium shed (menstruation)
18
Q

Corpus Albicans

A
  • Scar remaining when corpus luteum degenerates
19
Q

FSH

A
  • causes maturation of follicle with egg
  • Stimulates secretion of estrogen from egg
  • too much estrogen, neg feedback to pit. and inhibits secretion of more FSH
20
Q

LH

A
  • Stimulates secretion of progesterone and some estrogen

- Causes formation of corpus luteum

21
Q

4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle

A
  1. Menstrual Phase/ Flow Phase (Day 1-5)
  2. Follicular Phase/ Proliferative Phase (Day 6-14)
  3. Ovulatory Phase (Day 14)
  4. Luteal Phase/ Secretory Phase (Day15-28)
22
Q

Menstrual Phase/ Flow Phase

A
  • Menses/Menstruation (Day1-5)
  • Periodic discharge of blood, fluids and tissue
  • Uterine lining (endometrium) is shed
  • Blood loss: 50-150mL over 3-5 day period
  • All hormone lvls r low
23
Q

PMS (Premenstrual syndrome)

A
  • Irritable, emotional, cramping, headaches, nausea caused by low hormone lvls
  • Cramping caused by low lvls of progesterone which allows uterus to contract to expel endometrial lining
24
Q

Follicular Phase/ Proliferative Phase

A
  • Day 6-14
  • FSH stimulates follicles within ovaries to grow
  • Growing follicle secretes estrogen
  • When estrogen lvls high enough, estrogen signals AP to turn off FSH secretion (neg.feed)
  • Inc in estrogen also stimulates LH release from AP (pos feed)= more estrogen =more LH
  • Hormonal increases cause endometrial lining to thicken n develop
25
Q

Ovulatory Phase

A
  • Day 14
  • Inc of estrogen in follicle causes sudden surge of LH called “LH surge”
  • LH surge causes ovulation > release of secondary oocyte from ovary
  • Empty follicle called corpus luteum (CL)
26
Q

Luteal Phase/Secretory Phase

A
  • Day 15-28
  • LH stimulates CL to secrete progesterone n estrogen
  • Progesterone :Prevents further ovulation, prevents uterine contractions, promotes thickening n maintenance of endometrium, firms cervix to prevent expulsion of fetus
  • Progesterone n Estrogen turn off LH n FSH release (neg feed)
  • Endometrial glands begin receiving nutrients to prepare for embryo
27
Q

If fertilization occurs:

A
  • Embryo produces HCG causing CL to continue progesterone production past 10 regular days until placenta is big enough n ready to take over
  • HCG hormone present in urine when females take home pregnancy tests
28
Q

If no fertilization occurs:

A
  1. CL degenerates
  2. Causes decreased lvls of progesterone n estrogen
  3. low lvls of LH and FSH
  4. Stimulates uterine contractions
  5. Endometrial lining sheds
  6. Menstrual cycle begins again
29
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A
  • changes in ovaries
  • Under influence of Gonadotropic hormone LH n FSH

2 Phases: Follicular phase n Luteal Phase

30
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • FSH stimulates ovum to mature in follicle
  • Growing follicle secretes estrogen
  • Estrogen stimulates LH to be secreted
  • LH causes mature follicle to release the ovum > ovulation
31
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • Ruptured follicle called CL
  • CL secretes estrogen n progesterone which causes endometrium to thicken n prepare for
    fertilized egg
  • If no fertilization > hormone lvls drop > menstruation (all hormone lvls low)
32
Q

Uterine Cycle

A
  • Has to do w/ uterine lining

Includes:
1. Menses: shedding of uterine lining

  1. Proliferative Phase: tissue regeneration
  2. Secretory Phase: Progesterone stimulates glands in uterus to secrete substances that maintain endometrium n keep it from breaking down
33
Q

Menopause

A
  • Starts age 45
  • Menstrual cycle becomes irregular n eventually stops
  • Few viable follicles remain
  • Hormone lvls drop causing physiological changes like mood swings, anxiety, hot flashes, irritability
  • Reproductive organs and breast atrophy, vagina becomes dry n prone to infection, skin thins, bone mass lost, blood cholesterol lvls rise
34
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • Same hormones involved in other mammals, undergo estrous cycle
  • Bodies reabsorb endometrium instead of shedding
  • Females usually sexually active during estrous phase

Bio 30 (11 decks)

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