nervous system ch 9 Flashcards
1
Q
sensory neurons
A
afferent; conduct electrical signals from body to brain and spinal cord
2
Q
motor neurons
A
efferent; receive electrical impulses from brain and spinal cord to parts of body
3
Q
extend from neuron cell body and receive electrical impulses
A
dendrites
4
Q
transmit electrical impulses from nerve body to axon terminals
A
axons
5
Q
point where neurons communicate
A
synapse
6
Q
chemical messengers that pass neural impulse across cleft, from one neuron to another
A
neurotransmitter
7
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain and spinal cord; receives, processes and responds to impulses from all over body
8
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A
nerves that extend throughout body;
9
Q
gray matter
A
unmyelinated nerve tissue; composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites
10
Q
white matter
A
myelin sheaths, ascending spinal tracts and descending spinal tracts
11
Q
meninges
A
protecting connective tissue for CNS; dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
12
Q
cerebrum
A
superior and anterior brain; high-level cognitive function: language, reasoning, planning, memory, and sensory integration
13
Q
corpus callosum
A
nerve tissue by which left and right brain communicate
14
Q
frontal lobes
A
movement, reasoning, planning, problem solving, speech, and emotions; seat of personality
15
Q
parietal lobes
A
sensory stimuli
16
Q
occipital lobes
A
sight
17
Q
temporal lobes
A
hearing, smell, factual and visual memory, language processing
18
Q
cerebellum
A
controls balance and equilibrium
19
Q
diencephalon
A
has key glands: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal
20
Q
thalamus
A
sensory traffic director, memory and learning
21
Q
hypothalamus
A
controls ANS, heart rate, BP, temp, hormone, hunger, thirst, digestion
22
Q
pineal
A
secretes melatonin
23
Q
brain stem parts
A
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
24
Q
midbrain
A
passageway for electrical impulses
25
pons
connects cerebellum to rest of brain
26
medulla oblongata
connects brain to spinal cord
27
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
protects brain and spinal cord
28
dura mater
thick sack of collagen fibers and blood vessels to protect CNS from injury
29
arachnoid mater
fibers to connect to pia mater
30
pia mater
thin, delicate tissue membrane, directly on brain/spinal cord
31
number of cranial and spinal PNS nerves
12 cranial pairs, 31 spinal pairs
32
sympathetic nervous system
fight-or-flight response
33
parasympathetic nervous system
rest-and-digest system
34
somatic nervous system (SNS)
skeletal muscles and skin
35
alzheimer's disease
atrophy of frontal and occipital lobes; memory loss, deterioration of intellect, speech and movement disturbances, apathy, disorientation
36
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
muscular weakness and atrophy, involuntary contractions, excessive reflexes, degeneration of motor neurons in spinal cord and brain's medulla & cortex
37
astrocytoma
tumor of neuroglial (glial) tissue
38
aura
subjective sensation before migraine or seizure
39
bell's palsy
unilateral paralysis of nerves controlling facial muscles, usually temporary, caused by virus
40
brain tumor
intracranial mass; can be neoplastic, cystic, or inflammatory
41
cerebral aneurysm
dilation of blood vessel in cerebrum, may place pressure on brain or other brain tissue
42
cerebral contusion
bruising of cerebral tissue
43
cerebral palsy
affects movement and muscle tone, defect to brain from prior or during birth
44
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
death of brain tissue, arterial blockage/rupture prevent blood flow to brain; STROKE
45
hemorrhagic
type of CVA; ruptured blood vessel bleeds into surrounding tissue of brain
46
ischemic stroke
type of CVA that occurs when a blood vessel that supplies blood to brain is blocked, caused by fatty plaque deposits in arteries called atherosclerosis
47
coma
extended unconsciousness caused by TBI, stoke, infection or illness
48
concussion
TBI; blow to head or violent shaking, partial or complete loss of brain function
49
convulsion
sudden, abnormal, involuntary contraction of muscles, included in SOME seizures
50
delirium
mental confusion and agitation; disorientation, hallucination
51
dementia
progressive mental deterioration; organic brain disease; memory loss, difficult language expression, inability to perform daily activities
52
epidural hematoma
mass of blood formed between skull and dura mater, from brain colliding with skull
53
epilepsy
CNS disorder neural cell activity disrupted, causing seizures
54
Guillain-Barre syndrome
inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves; muscle weakness, paralysis, post recovery of infectious disease
55
headache
diffused pain of head
56
hemiparesis
weakness of one side of body
57
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of body
58
hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside ventricles of brain, causes cephalomegaly, seen in young children
59
meningocele
congenital hernia, meninges protrude through opening of skull or spinal cord
60
migraine
headache with intense pain in one area of head, nausea vomiting hypersensitivity to light and sound
61
multiple sclerosis
development of thin, demyelinated glial patched "plaques", weakness of limbs, unsteady and uncoordinated movement, fatigue
62
myasthenia gravis
skeletal muscle disease, disrupts neural communication between muscles and nerves
63
myelomeningocele
form of spina bifida, portion of spinal cord and meninges through spine
64
paralysis
loss of voluntary movement
65
paraplegia
paralysis legs down
66
paraesthesia
numbness, prickling, tingling in extremities, irritation of sensory nerves/nerve roots
67
parkinson's disease
nervous system disorder, tremor, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, irregular gait
68
reye's syndrome
acute encephalopathy and hepatomegaly seen in children under age of 18 after viral infection
69
seizure
disruption of electrical activity in brain, produces physical and mental changes
70
focal seizure
abn activity occurring in more than one area of brain
71
grand mal seizure
violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness
72
petit mal seizure
brief sudden lapses of consciousness (absence seizure)
73
shingles
rash from VZV virus that remains dormant near brain and spinal cord
74
spina bifida
part of spinal cord membrane protrudes through gap in spine
75
subdural hematoma
mass of blood between dura mater and arachnoid matter, most common TBI
76
syncope
loss of consciousness, inadequate blood flow to brain
77
transient ischemic attack
stoppage of blood to part of brain, warning sign of stroke
78
tremor
involuntary trembling
79
unconsciousness
lack of awareness and ability to respond to stimuli
80
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive worry, not restricted to specific situations
81
obsessive-compulsive disorder
performing repetitive actions to prevent irrational thoughts/fears
82
panic disorder
sudden recurring attacks of anxiety
83
phobia
exaggerated fear
84
post-traumatic stress disorder
from extremely traumatic experience, triggers persistent thoughts and memories of experience
85
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
frequently distracted, hyperactive, lack of impulse control
86
autism spectrum disorder
difficulty communicating with others and focus beyond oneself
87
dyslexia
learning disorder, challenge recognizing written language
88
intellectual disability
below-average intelligence, can't develop skills for daily living
89
anorexia nervosa
abnormally low body weight; fear of gaining weight, distorted perception of body
90
bulimia nervosa
binge eating followed by purging (vomiting, laxatives, excessive exercise
91
bipolar disorder
alternating periods of emotional highs and depressions
92
depression
persistent feelings of sadness, worthlessness, lack of interest
93
seasonal affective disorder
depression during fall and winter, lack of exposure to natural light
94
psychotic disorders
loss of touch with reality; hallucinations, delusion
95
postpartum psychosis
first week post-childbirth; confusion, disorientation, paranoia, obsession over infant
96
schizoaffective disorder
symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations) and mood disorders (depression or mania)
97
schizophrenia
mental disorder producing disordered thought processes and emotional perceptions; delusion, hallucinations, periods of unresponsiveness
98
substance abuse disorders
resulting from abuse of drugs, alcohol or toxins
