ch 10 ch review Flashcards
1
Q
what surrounds eye
A
orbital socket of skull
2
Q
clear colorless mucous membrane, lines eyelid and anterior eye
A
conjunctiva
3
Q
white fibrous outer layer; creates structure and protects
A
sclera
4
Q
transparent anterior part of sclera, protects iris and pupil and provides most optical power
A
cornea
5
Q
beneath posterior sclera, blood rich for nourishment; contains dark pigment
A
choroid
6
Q
pigmented muscular layer
A
iris
7
Q
black circular opening for light
A
pupil
8
Q
clear, curved structure, focuses images on the retina
A
lens; crystalline lens
9
Q
holds lens, adjusts shape of lens through process of accommodation, contains muscle and suspensory ligaments
A
ciliary body
10
Q
fluid of anterior chamber (in front of lens), gives eye shape, cleanses, provides nutrients to cornea and lens
A
aqueous humor
11
Q
fills posterior chamber, keeps retina in place
A
vitreous humor
12
Q
thin layer of tissue, lines interior of posterior eye, between choroid and posterior chamber
A
retina
13
Q
specialized light-sensitive cells
A
photoreceptors
14
Q
black and white; dim and peripheral vision
A
rods
15
Q
color receptor
A
cones
16
Q
oval shaped pigmented area near retina; has dense cones for high-acuity vision
A
macula
17
Q
transmits impulses from retina to brain
A
optic nerve; second cranial nerve
18
Q
no photoreceptor cells, where optic nerve leaves eyeball
A
optic disc; blind spot
19
Q
when light is focused here, object disappears from vision
A
optic disc
20
Q
pit containing only cones, greatest visual acuity
A
fovea centralis
21
Q
structures that produce, store, and drain tears
A
lacrimal apparatus
22
Q
outer corner of each eye, secrete _______ fluid; tears, to moisten anterior eyeball
A
lacrimal glands; lacrimal
23
Q
tiny sweat glands, upper and lower eyelid to lubricate eyeball
A
ciliary glands
24
Q
ducts in inner corner of each eye, collect tears and drain into ______ sac
A
lacrimal canaliculi; lacrimal
25
enlarged upper part of lacrimal duct, stores tears before drained via lacrimal duct
lacrimal sac; dacryocyst; tear sac
26
drains lacrimal fluid into nose
lacrimal duct; nasolacrimal duct
26
structures of these sections involve hearing
outer (external) ear and middle ear or tympanic cavity
27
shell shaped structure of of outer ear; directs sound to auditory canal
auricle, pinna
27
hearing AND equilibrium
inner ear
28
short, narrow chamber; leads to tympanic membrane
auditory canal; external acoustic meatus
29
glands lining walls of auditory canal; secretes ________
ceruminous glands; cerumen
30
protects middle ear; traps debris from environment
cerumen; earwax
31
small air filled cavity within temporal bone
middle ear; tympanic cavity
32
separates outer and inner structures of ear; transmits sound waves through vibration
tympanic membrane; eardrum
33
three smallest bones of body; in tympanic cavity
malleus, incus, stapes
34
hammer shaped; outermost auditory ossicle
malleus
35
middle, anvil shaped auditory ossicle
incus
36
innermost, stirrup shaped auditory ossicle
stapes
37
connects tympanic cavity to pharynx (throat); equalizes ear pressure and drains fluid from middle ear
eustachian tube; auditory tube
38
houses delicate structures to control balance and equilibrium; maze of membrane lined structures
labyrinth
39
fluids of cochlea; sound travels through
endolymph and perilymph
40
snail-like inner ear structure
cochlea
41
structure of cochlea; sound vibrations trigger tiny hairs, transmit impulses to brains cerebral
organ of corti
42
part of brain where nerve impulses of sound are processed
cerebral cortex
43
connects cochlea to three semicircular canals
vestibule
44
transmit info about body's balance and position to brain
semicircular canals
45
connects middle ear (tympanic cavity) to inner ear
oval window; fenestra ovalis
46
opening in middle ear (tympanic cavity) that leads to cochlea; allows displaces cochlea fluid to move tiny ears and allow hearing
round window; fenestra rotunda
47
transmits balance and hearing nerve impulses to brain; vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve; auditory nerve
48
responds to changes in head's position; sends impulses as reflexes to the brain
vestibular nerve
49
carries neural impulses to brain that are interpreted as hearing
cochlear nerve
50
hairlike; sends neural impulses to brain after stimulation of molecules dissolved on mucous membrane of roof of nose
olfactory cilia
51
how scentual impulses are transmitted
olfactory nerve
52
where information of odors are processed and olfactory nerves originate
olfactory bulb
53
receive impulses of scent, on roof of nose
olfactory receptor cells
54
stratified; squamous
arranged in layers (strata); scaly
54
tissue of tongue composition
stratified squamous epithelial tissue
55
tongue muscles are attached to
mandible; lower jaw bone
56
chewing; swallowing
mastication; deglutition
57
contain taste buds, bumps all over tongue
papillae
58
tiny, sensitive, bulb structures to distinguish taste , found on tongue, few on soft palate and cheek
taste buds
59
taste; sweet ,sour, salty, bitter and umami
gustatory sense
60
temporary loss of sense of smell
anosmia
61
amblyopia
impaired vision in one or both eyes, lazy eye, developmental deficiency in early childhood
62
blepharitis
eyelid inflammation; redness, crustion, swelling
63
cataract
clouding of lens, decreased VA, accumulation of protein in lens
64
chalazoin
small, hard, cystic mass on eyelid, blocked oil gland
65
dacryocytitis
blockage, inflammation and infection of nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac
66
diabetic retinopathy
complication of diabetes; damage to retina that can result in loss of vision
67
ectropion
eversion of eyelid (typically lower); redness, pain, corneal breakdown; associated with aging
68
entropion
inversion of eyelid; eyelashes irritating eye surface; could lead to corneal abrasion
69
glaucoma
intraocular pressure (within eyeball) damaged retina and optical nerve, and eventual blindness
70
hordeolum
purulent (pus-producing) inflammation of eyelid gland; sty
71
macular degeneration
deterioration of macula, leads to blindness, incurable; when age-related, called ARMD
72
nystagmus
repetitive, usually involuntary movements of eye, limited visual activity
73
refractive disorders
irregularly shaped cornea or lens doesn't allow rays to properly focus on retina, blurred vision
74
astigmatism (As.)
defective curvature of cornea, blurred vision; nearsightedness and farsightedness
75
hyperopia (Hy.)
defect (usually shortened eyeball shape) light rays focusing behind retina rather than on it, images up close to appear blurry; farsightedness
76
myopia (My.)
defect (usually elongated eyeball shape) causes light to focus in front of retina instead of on it, causes blurred distant images; nearsightedness
77
presbyopia (Pr)
hyperopia (farsightedness) caused by age-related reduction of elasticity in lens
78
retinal detachment
emergency; separation of retina from layer of blood vessels that supports it; symptoms include floaters, flashing lights; shadow gradually obscuring vision; without immediate treatment, causes blindness
79
stabismus
misalignment of eyes, weakened eye muscles; cross-eyed
80
esotropia
type of strabismus, one or both eyes turn inward
81
exotropia
type of strabismus; one or both eyes turn outward
82
vitreous floaters
impaired vision in Vf. from shrinkage and detachment of collagen fibers in vitreous humor, can signal retinal detachment
83
acoustic neuroma
benign auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve tumor; hearing loss, ringing, balance issues
84
cholesteatoma
middle ear cyst of skin cells and cerumen, can damage delicate inner ear bones
85
deafness
loss of ability to hear
86
conductive deafness
inadequate sound-wave conduction from outer ear to ossicles of middle ear
87
nerve deafness
damage to cochlea or auditory nerve; sensorineural hearing loss
88
impacted cerumen
accumulation of cerumen, leads to infection and hearing loss
89
menieres disease
chronic disorder of labyrinth; causes vertigo (sensation of spinning)
90
otalgia
pain in the ear; earache
91
otitis media
inflammation of middle ear (tympanic cavity)
92
otomyocosis
fungal infection of ear canal; swimmers ear
93
ostosclerosis
hardening of bony tissue in middle ear (tympanic cavity)
94
presbycusis
age-related hearing loss
95
tinnitus
sensation of nosis (ringing, buzzing, whistling) when no sound is present
96
vertigo
sensation of spinning from inner-ear disorder or condition
97
ageusia
absence of gustatory sense
98
anosmia
absence of sense of smell; anosphrasia
99
dysguesia
impaired gustatory sense; causes unpleasant taste or perception of taste sensation while no stimulus is present
100
hyperosmia
heightened sense of smell
101
hyposmia
weakened sense of smell
102
neuropathy
disease of nerves; pain or loss of sensation (common in extremities)
103
fluorescein angiography
dye injected into vein to image veins of retina
104
ishihara color vision test
looks at number of circular patterns (plates) to discern numbers in different color
105
opthalmoscopy
examination of interior eye
106
slit lamp microscopy
examining anterior eye structures through microscopic magnification
107
visual acuity test
uses snellen chart to test visual clarity
108
visual field test
measurement of area seen when eyes are in fixed position
109
audiometry
measures ability to hear different sounds
110
otoscopy
visual examination of ear using autoscope
111
pneumatic otoscopy
examine external ear and eardrum; assess reactivity to pressure changes
112
tuning fork tests
tuning forks to assess detection of different pitches
113
precision nerve exams
five different responses evaluated for abnormalities in central and or peripheral nervous systems
114
extinction
patient touched to see if can distinguish where being touched, even in multiple places at once
115
graphesthesia
patient instructed to closes eyes and identify letter/number written on hand
116
pain and light touch sensation
identify sharp and dull sensations
117
position sense
say whether big toe was moved up or down
118
sterognosis
identifies object placed in hand
119
laser therapy
excise or resurface tissue
120
laser photocoagulation
laser used to seal retinal tears or leaking retinal blood vessels
121
LASIK (laser in situ keratomy)
ultraviolet laser used to correct refraction issues (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
122
phacoemulsification (phaco)
restore vision of cataract patients, lens emulsified (broken up) through ultrasonic vibration and aspirated (suctioned out)
123
cochlear implant
electronic device implanted in inner ear to restore hearing
124
enucleation
surgical removal of eyeball; eye irrevocably diseased or damaged
125
keratoplasty
surgical repair of cornea
126
myringotomy
surgical incision of tympanic membrane, implantation of small tubes to drain fluid and relieve ear pressure
127
scleral buckle
suture of silicone band to sclera over detatched retina
128
vitrectomy
surgical removal of vitreous humor
