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med term > ch 10 ch review > Flashcards

ch 10 ch review Flashcards

1
Q

what surrounds eye

A

orbital socket of skull

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2
Q

clear colorless mucous membrane, lines eyelid and anterior eye

A

conjunctiva

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3
Q

white fibrous outer layer; creates structure and protects

A

sclera

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4
Q

transparent anterior part of sclera, protects iris and pupil and provides most optical power

A

cornea

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5
Q

beneath posterior sclera, blood rich for nourishment; contains dark pigment

A

choroid

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6
Q

pigmented muscular layer

A

iris

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7
Q

black circular opening for light

A

pupil

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8
Q

clear, curved structure, focuses images on the retina

A

lens; crystalline lens

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9
Q

holds lens, adjusts shape of lens through process of accommodation, contains muscle and suspensory ligaments

A

ciliary body

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10
Q

fluid of anterior chamber (in front of lens), gives eye shape, cleanses, provides nutrients to cornea and lens

A

aqueous humor

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11
Q

fills posterior chamber, keeps retina in place

A

vitreous humor

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12
Q

thin layer of tissue, lines interior of posterior eye, between choroid and posterior chamber

A

retina

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13
Q

specialized light-sensitive cells

A

photoreceptors

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14
Q

black and white; dim and peripheral vision

A

rods

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15
Q

color receptor

A

cones

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16
Q

oval shaped pigmented area near retina; has dense cones for high-acuity vision

A

macula

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17
Q

transmits impulses from retina to brain

A

optic nerve; second cranial nerve

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18
Q

no photoreceptor cells, where optic nerve leaves eyeball

A

optic disc; blind spot

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19
Q

when light is focused here, object disappears from vision

A

optic disc

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20
Q

pit containing only cones, greatest visual acuity

A

fovea centralis

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21
Q

structures that produce, store, and drain tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

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22
Q

outer corner of each eye, secrete _______ fluid; tears, to moisten anterior eyeball

A

lacrimal glands; lacrimal

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23
Q

tiny sweat glands, upper and lower eyelid to lubricate eyeball

A

ciliary glands

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24
Q

ducts in inner corner of each eye, collect tears and drain into ______ sac

A

lacrimal canaliculi; lacrimal

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25
Q

enlarged upper part of lacrimal duct, stores tears before drained via lacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac; dacryocyst; tear sac

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26
Q

drains lacrimal fluid into nose

A

lacrimal duct; nasolacrimal duct

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26
Q

structures of these sections involve hearing

A

outer (external) ear and middle ear or tympanic cavity

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27
Q

shell shaped structure of of outer ear; directs sound to auditory canal

A

auricle, pinna

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27
Q

hearing AND equilibrium

A

inner ear

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28
Q

short, narrow chamber; leads to tympanic membrane

A

auditory canal; external acoustic meatus

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29
Q

glands lining walls of auditory canal; secretes ________

A

ceruminous glands; cerumen

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30
Q

protects middle ear; traps debris from environment

A

cerumen; earwax

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31
Q

small air filled cavity within temporal bone

A

middle ear; tympanic cavity

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32
Q

separates outer and inner structures of ear; transmits sound waves through vibration

A

tympanic membrane; eardrum

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33
Q

three smallest bones of body; in tympanic cavity

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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34
Q

hammer shaped; outermost auditory ossicle

A

malleus

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35
Q

middle, anvil shaped auditory ossicle

A

incus

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36
Q

innermost, stirrup shaped auditory ossicle

A

stapes

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37
Q

connects tympanic cavity to pharynx (throat); equalizes ear pressure and drains fluid from middle ear

A

eustachian tube; auditory tube

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38
Q

houses delicate structures to control balance and equilibrium; maze of membrane lined structures

A

labyrinth

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39
Q

fluids of cochlea; sound travels through

A

endolymph and perilymph

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40
Q

snail-like inner ear structure

A

cochlea

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41
Q

structure of cochlea; sound vibrations trigger tiny hairs, transmit impulses to brains cerebral

A

organ of corti

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42
Q

part of brain where nerve impulses of sound are processed

A

cerebral cortex

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43
Q

connects cochlea to three semicircular canals

A

vestibule

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44
Q

transmit info about body’s balance and position to brain

A

semicircular canals

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45
Q

connects middle ear (tympanic cavity) to inner ear

A

oval window; fenestra ovalis

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46
Q

opening in middle ear (tympanic cavity) that leads to cochlea; allows displaces cochlea fluid to move tiny ears and allow hearing

A

round window; fenestra rotunda

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47
Q

transmits balance and hearing nerve impulses to brain; vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve

A

vestibulocochlear nerve; auditory nerve

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48
Q

responds to changes in head’s position; sends impulses as reflexes to the brain

A

vestibular nerve

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49
Q

carries neural impulses to brain that are interpreted as hearing

A

cochlear nerve

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50
Q

hairlike; sends neural impulses to brain after stimulation of molecules dissolved on mucous membrane of roof of nose

A

olfactory cilia

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51
Q

how scentual impulses are transmitted

A

olfactory nerve

52
Q

where information of odors are processed and olfactory nerves originate

A

olfactory bulb

53
Q

receive impulses of scent, on roof of nose

A

olfactory receptor cells

54
Q

stratified; squamous

A

arranged in layers (strata); scaly

54
Q

tissue of tongue composition

A

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

55
Q

tongue muscles are attached to

A

mandible; lower jaw bone

56
Q

chewing; swallowing

A

mastication; deglutition

57
Q

contain taste buds, bumps all over tongue

A

papillae

58
Q

tiny, sensitive, bulb structures to distinguish taste , found on tongue, few on soft palate and cheek

A

taste buds

59
Q

taste; sweet ,sour, salty, bitter and umami

A

gustatory sense

60
Q

temporary loss of sense of smell

A

anosmia

61
Q

amblyopia

A

impaired vision in one or both eyes, lazy eye, developmental deficiency in early childhood

62
Q

blepharitis

A

eyelid inflammation; redness, crustion, swelling

63
Q

cataract

A

clouding of lens, decreased VA, accumulation of protein in lens

64
Q

chalazoin

A

small, hard, cystic mass on eyelid, blocked oil gland

65
Q

dacryocytitis

A

blockage, inflammation and infection of nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac

66
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

complication of diabetes; damage to retina that can result in loss of vision

67
Q

ectropion

A

eversion of eyelid (typically lower); redness, pain, corneal breakdown; associated with aging

68
Q

entropion

A

inversion of eyelid; eyelashes irritating eye surface; could lead to corneal abrasion

69
Q

glaucoma

A

intraocular pressure (within eyeball) damaged retina and optical nerve, and eventual blindness

70
Q

hordeolum

A

purulent (pus-producing) inflammation of eyelid gland; sty

71
Q

macular degeneration

A

deterioration of macula, leads to blindness, incurable; when age-related, called ARMD

72
Q

nystagmus

A

repetitive, usually involuntary movements of eye, limited visual activity

73
Q

refractive disorders

A

irregularly shaped cornea or lens doesn’t allow rays to properly focus on retina, blurred vision

74
Q

astigmatism (As.)

A

defective curvature of cornea, blurred vision; nearsightedness and farsightedness

75
Q

hyperopia (Hy.)

A

defect (usually shortened eyeball shape) light rays focusing behind retina rather than on it, images up close to appear blurry; farsightedness

76
Q

myopia (My.)

A

defect (usually elongated eyeball shape) causes light to focus in front of retina instead of on it, causes blurred distant images; nearsightedness

77
Q

presbyopia (Pr)

A

hyperopia (farsightedness) caused by age-related reduction of elasticity in lens

78
Q

retinal detachment

A

emergency; separation of retina from layer of blood vessels that supports it; symptoms include floaters, flashing lights; shadow gradually obscuring vision; without immediate treatment, causes blindness

79
Q

stabismus

A

misalignment of eyes, weakened eye muscles; cross-eyed

80
Q

esotropia

A

type of strabismus, one or both eyes turn inward

81
Q

exotropia

A

type of strabismus; one or both eyes turn outward

82
Q

vitreous floaters

A

impaired vision in Vf. from shrinkage and detachment of collagen fibers in vitreous humor, can signal retinal detachment

83
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

benign auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve tumor; hearing loss, ringing, balance issues

84
Q

cholesteatoma

A

middle ear cyst of skin cells and cerumen, can damage delicate inner ear bones

85
Q

deafness

A

loss of ability to hear

86
Q

conductive deafness

A

inadequate sound-wave conduction from outer ear to ossicles of middle ear

87
Q

nerve deafness

A

damage to cochlea or auditory nerve; sensorineural hearing loss

88
Q

impacted cerumen

A

accumulation of cerumen, leads to infection and hearing loss

89
Q

menieres disease

A

chronic disorder of labyrinth; causes vertigo (sensation of spinning)

90
Q

otalgia

A

pain in the ear; earache

91
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of middle ear (tympanic cavity)

92
Q

otomyocosis

A

fungal infection of ear canal; swimmers ear

93
Q

ostosclerosis

A

hardening of bony tissue in middle ear (tympanic cavity)

94
Q

presbycusis

A

age-related hearing loss

95
Q

tinnitus

A

sensation of nosis (ringing, buzzing, whistling) when no sound is present

96
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of spinning from inner-ear disorder or condition

97
Q

ageusia

A

absence of gustatory sense

98
Q

anosmia

A

absence of sense of smell; anosphrasia

99
Q

dysguesia

A

impaired gustatory sense; causes unpleasant taste or perception of taste sensation while no stimulus is present

100
Q

hyperosmia

A

heightened sense of smell

101
Q

hyposmia

A

weakened sense of smell

102
Q

neuropathy

A

disease of nerves; pain or loss of sensation (common in extremities)

103
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

dye injected into vein to image veins of retina

104
Q

ishihara color vision test

A

looks at number of circular patterns (plates) to discern numbers in different color

105
Q

opthalmoscopy

A

examination of interior eye

106
Q

slit lamp microscopy

A

examining anterior eye structures through microscopic magnification

107
Q

visual acuity test

A

uses snellen chart to test visual clarity

108
Q

visual field test

A

measurement of area seen when eyes are in fixed position

109
Q

audiometry

A

measures ability to hear different sounds

110
Q

otoscopy

A

visual examination of ear using autoscope

111
Q

pneumatic otoscopy

A

examine external ear and eardrum; assess reactivity to pressure changes

112
Q

tuning fork tests

A

tuning forks to assess detection of different pitches

113
Q

precision nerve exams

A

five different responses evaluated for abnormalities in central and or peripheral nervous systems

114
Q

extinction

A

patient touched to see if can distinguish where being touched, even in multiple places at once

115
Q

graphesthesia

A

patient instructed to closes eyes and identify letter/number written on hand

116
Q

pain and light touch sensation

A

identify sharp and dull sensations

117
Q

position sense

A

say whether big toe was moved up or down

118
Q

sterognosis

A

identifies object placed in hand

119
Q

laser therapy

A

excise or resurface tissue

120
Q

laser photocoagulation

A

laser used to seal retinal tears or leaking retinal blood vessels

121
Q

LASIK (laser in situ keratomy)

A

ultraviolet laser used to correct refraction issues (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)

122
Q

phacoemulsification (phaco)

A

restore vision of cataract patients, lens emulsified (broken up) through ultrasonic vibration and aspirated (suctioned out)

123
Q

cochlear implant

A

electronic device implanted in inner ear to restore hearing

124
Q

enucleation

A

surgical removal of eyeball; eye irrevocably diseased or damaged

125
Q

keratoplasty

A

surgical repair of cornea

126
Q

myringotomy

A

surgical incision of tympanic membrane, implantation of small tubes to drain fluid and relieve ear pressure

127
Q

scleral buckle

A

suture of silicone band to sclera over detatched retina

128
Q

vitrectomy

A

surgical removal of vitreous humor

med term (15 decks)

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