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A & P > Nervous System: Brain, Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Nervous System: Brain, Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the brain?

A

Brainstem: controls breathing, heartbeat rates and rxn to auditory and visual stimuli
Diencephlon: controls homeostasis, includes the thymus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum: controls intellectual processes and emotions.
Cerebellum: maintains body posture and balance.

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2
Q

How is the brainstem subdivided into:

A

Medulla oblongata
The pons varolii
The midbrain.

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3
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Are cavities(interventricual foramen) within the brain that connect with each other with the subarachnoid space of the mengies and with the central canal of the spinal cord.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Serves as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and circulates nutrients.

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5
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Cranial bones
Meningies (same as spine-> dura, arachnoid, pia)
Cerebrospinal fluid

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6
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

The medulla oblongata, pons varolii, midbrain. It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Small areas of dmg = death.

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7
Q

What does the Medulla oblongata consist of?

A

Ascending and descending tracts that connect between the spinal cord and various parts of the brain.

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8
Q

What is the Decussation of pyramids?

A

The crossing of tracts in the medulla oblongata. Explains why some motor areas on one side of the cortex of the cerebrum control skeletal muscle movements on the opposite side of the body.

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9
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Areas of grey matter within the medulla which contorts consciousness and arousal.

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10
Q

What are three reflexes within the medulla?

A

Vasomotor center: regulates the diameter of blood vessels, cradiac center, regulates contraction of heart/beat.
Medullary rhymicity area: adj your basic rhythm of breathing.

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11
Q

What do the pons Varolii do?

A

It’s a bridge (Pon in Latin)that connects the spinal cord with the brain.
Also helps connects different parts of the brain.
It’s pneumontaxic and apneustic area help control breathing

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12
Q

What does the mid brain (mesencephalon) do/contain?

A

Contains: ventral cerebral peduncles which convey -impulse from the cerebral cortex to the pons and spinal cord
Contains: Dorsal tectum: reflex center for movement of eye/head in response to visual stimuli. Also controls movement of head/truck to auditory stimuli (loud noises)

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13
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

Superior to the midbrain and between two cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What does the diencephalon subdivide into?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tracts, optic chiasma (where optic nerves cross each other), infundibulum (attaches to pituitary gland) the mammillary bodies (involved in memory and emotional responses to door), pineal gland (part of the epithalamus->secretes melatonin=affects mood and behaviour)

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15
Q

Where is the thalamus and what does it do?

A

The thalamus is superior to the diencephlon and acts as the relay station for sensory impulses (reach the cerebral cortex)
Also interpretation center for pain, temp and touch

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16
Q

Where is the epithalamus located and what does it do?

A

It’s located superior and posterior to thalamus. Contains pineal gland, concerned with emotional and visceral responses to odor.

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17
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what does it do?

A

Located the inferior part of the diencephalon.
Hypothalamus is involved with homeostasis. (Controls the pituitary gland and links endocrine and nervous system)
Helps control and integrates autonomic nervous system.

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18
Q

What makes up the bulk of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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19
Q

What is the gray matter called in the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex

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20
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

Beneath the cortex is the cerebral white matter. A prominent fissure (longitudinal) separates the cerebrum into right and left halves (cerebral hemispheres)

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21
Q

What are the folds on the cerebral hemispheres called?

A

Gyri

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22
Q

What are the intervening groove called?

A

Sulci

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the folds in the cortex?

A

Increase surface area.

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24
Q

What is the bridge between the two hemispheres called?

A

Corpus Callosum

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25
Q

What is found on the surface of the cortex?

A

Motor areas that control muscular movement, sensory areas interpret sensory impulses, association areas process emotions and intellect

26
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres named after?

A

The bones of the skull that lie on top of them

27
Q

What are the 4 parts of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

28
Q

What does the Frontal lobe do?

A

Forms the anterior portion if each hemisphere.

Involved in voluntary muscle function, mood, aggression, smell reception, motivation

29
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what does it do?

A

Behind the frontal lobe (separated by central sulcus): touch, pain, balance, taste and temperature

30
Q

Where is the the temporal lobe and what is it responsible for?

A

The temporal lobe is inferior to the frontal/parietal lobe. Separated by the lateral fissure. Involved in hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought, judgement

31
Q

Where is the occipital lobe?and what is its function?

A

Back portion of the hemisphere. Functions in receiving and interpreting visual input

32
Q

What is the cerebellums function?

A

It’s butterfly shaped, 2nd largest portion of the brain.
Two partially separated hemispheres connected called vermis. Made up primarily of white matter with. Think layer of gray matter on it surface called the cerebellar cortex.
It functions as a reflex center coordinating muscle movements, maintain proper body posture, keeping the body balanced.

33
Q

What happens if the Cerebellum is damaged?

A

Decrease muscle ton, tremors, loss of equilibrium, and difficulty in skeletal movements

34
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system a subdivison off?

A

Efferent peripheral nervous system

35
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A 
Regulates internal organs (controls glands, smooth/cardiac muscle)
Maintains homeostasis (regulates HR, BP, breathing, BT)
Deals with emergency situations
36
Q

How is the autonomic nervous system broken down:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

37
Q

What does the sympathetic do?

A

Prepares the body for stress situations that require energy expenditure.
Increases HR, breathing rate,
Uses acetylcholine in the preganglinonic synapse and norepinephrine(noradrenaline) at the synapses of the postganglionic fibres.

38
Q

What does the parasympathetic do?

A

Operates under normal non-stressful conditions
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine.
Stimulates digestion, waste removal

39
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves and their functions?

A

(I) Olfactory: Smell (sensory)
(II) Optic: Sight (sensory)
(III) Oculomotor: movement of eyeball, constriction of pupil (motor)
(IV) Trochlear: movement of eye conveys impulses related to muscle sense (motor)
(V) Trigeminal: chewing, sensation in teeth (mixed)
(VI)Abducens: movement of eye (motor)
(VII)Facial: facial expression, taste, tear and salivary glands (mixed)
(VIII) Vestibulocohlear: equilibrium, hearing(sensory)
(IX)Glassophryngeal: Swallowing, taste, salivary glands (mixed)
(X) Vagus: certain muscle movements, sensory impulses
(XI)Acessory: swallowing, head movement(motor)
(XII) Hypoglossal: swallowing: speech, tongue movement. (Motor)

40
Q

What is olfactory?

A

The sense of smell

41
Q

How do we smell?

A

Molecules in the air enter the nasal cavity and become dissolved in the mucous epithelial lining of the superior nasal conchae

42
Q

What happens after a molecule reaches the mucous lining of the conchae?

A

It comes into contact with olfactory neurons modified to respond to odors. They are bipolar neurons. Their dendrites re found in the epithelial surface and contact the olfactory receptors sites in the nose. The odor molecules bind to these receptor sites. The olfactory neurons transmit the impulse long their axon whose ends become enlarged olfactory bulbs. From there it is sent to the olfactory cortex found in the temporal/frontal lobes of the cerebrum.

43
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Sensory structures found on certain papillae (evaluations on the tounge)

44
Q

What are the two types of taste bud cells?

A

1) specialized epithelial cells the form the exterior capsule of the taste bud.
2) forms the interior of the taste bud: called taste cell, function as receptors for taste

45
Q

How do we taste.

A

A molecule is dissolved in a fluid-> nerve fibres surround the taste transmit impulses to the brain.

46
Q

What are Tears produced by?

A

the lacrimal gland.

47
Q

What do tears do?

A

They lubricate, compact bacterial infections through enzyme lysozyme, salt and gamma globulin.

48
Q

What are the two main muscle groups that move the eye?

A

They are the rectus and oblique muscles

49
Q

What three layers compose the eye wall?

A

Sclera: outtermost. White, composed of tough connective tissue.
Conjunctiva: mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and anterior part of the sclera.
Cornea: transparent part of the outtermost layer that permits light to enter the eye.
The second layer is the choroid.= bloodvessels and pigment cells. (Black)
The innermost layer of the eye is the retina. Gray in colour and contains rods and cones.

50
Q

What does the cilary body do?

A

Its the smooth muscle that holds the lens in place

51
Q

What is the iris/what does it do?

A

Pigmented part of the eye. Consisting of smooth muscles that surrounds the pupil and regulates the amount of light that enters through the diameter of the pupil.

52
Q

The interior of the eye is divided into two compartments.

A

In front of the lens is filled with aqueous humour. It helps bend light, helps maintain ocular pressure. (Produced by the ciliary body)
The posterior compartment is filled with vitreous humour. Helps maintain pressure, holds the retina and lens in place

53
Q

What is the retina?

A

It’s the innermost layer of the eye. Contains cones and rods.

54
Q

What’s the difference between rods and cones.

A

Rods are sensitive to light and function in dim light.

Cones produce colour and require a lot of light.

55
Q

What are the different kinds of cones?

A

Red, blue, green. The combinations gives us the different colours we see.

56
Q

What is the external ear made of?

A

Auricle:flexible, visible part of our ear (elastic cartilage)
The auricle connects with our ear canal (external auditory meatus->lined with hair and ceruminous glnds which produces cerumen).
The auricle allows sound waives to enter the ear canal and directs those waves to the eardrum (tympanic membrane) which vibrates.

57
Q

What is the purpose of hair and cerumen in the ear canal?

A

Protects from foreign objects.

58
Q

What are the three bones in the middle ear (air filled cavity)

A

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)
These bones transmit the sound vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window and the round window. They connect the middle to the inner ear.

59
Q

What happens when sound waves are transmitted from malleus to the stapes?

A

They are amplified.

60
Q

What helps with pressure in the ear?

A

The auditory/Eustachian tube. Found in the middle ear. This tube opens into the pharynx and permits air pressure to equalize between the milder ear and outside air.

61
Q

What is the inner ear made of?

A

Interconnecting chambers and tunnels within the temporal bone. This area contains the cochlea (hear), vestibule (static equilibrium->position of head in relation to gravity) and semicircular canals (kinetic equiplibrium-> change in regard to head rotational movements.)

A & P (15 decks)

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