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BodyLog > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Layout of Nervous System

A

CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS: Autonomic, Somatic
Autonomic: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, Enteric

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2
Q

Which nerve roots do sensory and motor neurones accompany

A

Sensory- Dorsal

Motor- Ventral

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3
Q

Connective Tissue arrangement in nerves

A

Endoneurium- Around each nerve fibre
Perineurium- Around each fascicle
Epineurium- Between fascicles
Paraneurium- Separates nerves from surrounding structures

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4
Q

2 cell types in Nervous System

A

Neurons

Glial Cells

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5
Q

Types of glial cells?

A

Microglial
Ependymal
Astrocytes
Schwann, Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Schwann VS Oligodendrocyte in terms of location and myelination

A

Schwann- PNS, Wrap around one axon

Oligodendrocyte- CNS, Wrap around multiple axons

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7
Q

What are astrocytes, what do they do?

A
  • Star-like structure, Control nutrient flow in CNS
  • Perineurial feet carry nutrients from vessel—>Cell body—> Neurons
  • Regulate impulses by releasing inhibitor glutamate
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8
Q

What are Microglial Cells, what do they do?

A
  • Long, flat nuclei, many projections from soma
  • Throughout CNS, develop into Macrophages
  • Remove damaged nerve cells from brain, by sensing increased K+ and moving to area
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9
Q

What are Ependymal cells, what do they do?

A
  • Found in centre of Grey Commisure, centre of spinal canal
  • Apical surface has cilia and microvill
  • Make and secrete CSF in ventricles
  • Cilia move CSF through ventricles to spinal canal
  • Microvilli absorb CSF for presenting pathogens to astrocytes and Microglial cells
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10
Q

Compare Grey and White matter

A

Grey:

Peripheral in brain (in ‘nuclei’)
Central in spine
Consist of Nerve cell bodies, non-myelinated neurons

White:

Peripheral in spine
Central in brain
Consist of myelinated neurons

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11
Q

What connects ventral and Dorsal horns

A

Grey Commisure (Contains interneurons)

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12
Q

What are Nissl bodies

A

In soma

Contain ribosomes and RER

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13
Q

What are the 4 Neuron TYPES

A

Motor- Long axon from Soma to target tissue
Sensory- Environmental signals to integrative centre

Integrative: In CNS, collate Info. (Pyramidal, Purkyne, Inter-Most common)

Anaxonic: Retina. Role in memory and recall. Take in and send out info by Retrograde Progression

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14
Q

What are the the neuron VARIATIONS

A

Multipolar: 1 axon, multiple dendrites. Most common, mostly in CNS
Unipolar: Single process leading away from soma
Bipolar: 1 axon 1 dendrite,
Anaxonic: Many dendrites, no axons

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15
Q

What is Retrograde Vesicle Transport

A

Dynactin gathers on microtubule, brings empty vesicles back to soma

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16
Q

Anterograde Vesicle Transport

A

Kineisin gathers on microtubule, empty vesicles and mitochondria bind to microtubule, and are carried to synapse.

Empty vesicle has enzyme on membrane that makes neurotransmitter as it travels along axon

17
Q

How is toluidine blue stain used

A

Toluidine blue stains fat, so myelin and Schmidt-Lanterman Cells (Schwann cell cytoplasm no myelin) can be seen

18
Q

How does Myelination occur

A
  1. Axon in groove is surrounded by Schwann cell
  2. Mesaxon membrane surrounds embedded axon
  3. Mesaxon membrane wraps around axon forming multiple layers
19
Q

What is MS

A

• Relapsing, degenerative, autoimmune degeneration of myelin

Fatigue, slurred speech, mobility issues, constipation, urinary retention, numbness and tingling (Parasthesia)

20
Q

What is Referred pain

A

Pain is perceived at a site distant to source of pain

21
Q

Somatic VS Visceral Pain?

A

Somatic- From joints/ muscles/ bones/ soft tissues

Visceral- From internal organs

22
Q

Major source of parasympathetic preganglionic input to thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

Vagus Nerve (X)

23
Q

Where are the Preganglionic neurones in CNS?

A

Sympathetic: Lateral horn, T1-L2 segments

Parasympathetic: Brainstem, S2-S4 segments

24
Q

What are 3 ways sympathetic fibres are distributed to skin ?

A
  1. Synapse at level of entry: Preganglionic neurons synapse at same level
  2. Ascend the chain: Preganglionic neurons go up sympathetic chain, synapse at required level. Postganglionic neurons reach target via vascular walls
  3. Descend the chain: Preganglionic neurons go down chain, synapse at required level. Postganglionic neurons reach target via spinal nerves
25
Q

What is the Sympathetic Chain

A

Chain of ganglia either side of spine

26
Q

How do sympathetic fibres distribute to Abdominal Viscera

A

Preganglionic neurons traverse the chain
Synapse in a pre-aortic Ganglion
Postganglionics reach target via blood vessels

27
Q

What are the 4 specialised parasympathetic ganglia in head?

A

Ciliairy: Receives Preganglionics from Oculomotor Nerve. Sends Postganglionics to Eye

Otic: From Glossopharyngeal Nerve, to Parotid Gland

Submandibular: From Facial Nerve, to Submandibular/ Lingual Glands

Pterygopalatine: From Facial Nerve, to Lacrimal Gland

BodyLog (11 decks)

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